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GI > Nutritional Biochemistry > Flashcards

Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrate transporters?

A

SGLT1 – absorbs glucose and galactose

GLUT5 – transports fructose

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2
Q

What are some vitamins involved in the pathway that takes pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

TPP - Thiamine Pyrophosphate
FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (Riboflavin)
NAD - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Niacin)

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3
Q
  • Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase–decarboxylation
  • Cofactor in pentose phosphate pathway–NADPH
  • Maintains neural membranes and normal nerve conductions–pH, myelin, neurotransmitters
A

Thiamine/Vitamin B1

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4
Q

Deficiency of Thiamine

A

Polyneuropathy – Dry Beriberi
Dilated cardiomyopathy – Wet Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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5
Q
  • Coenzyme A–Amino acid, carbo, fat and nucleic acid metabolism
  • Acyl carrier protein–fatty acid synthesis
A

Pantothenic acid/Vitamin B5

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6
Q

Deficiency of pantothenic acid/vit B5

A

Dermatitis
Enteritis
Alopecia
Adrenal insufficiency

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7
Q

Active forms of Riboflavin/Vitamin B2

A 
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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8
Q

Acts as an electron carrier for complex dehydrogenases and for the citric acid cycle to electron transport chain

A

Riboflavin/Vitamin B2

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9
Q

Deficiency of Riboflavin/Vitamin B2

A

Cheilosis (scaling and fissures at the corner of the mouth)
Dermatitis
Corneal neovascularization

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10
Q

What are some sources of niacin/vitamin B3?

A

Diet

Synthesized from tryptophan

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11
Q

Active forms of Niacin?

A

NAD+: carbohydrate, fat, amino acids and nucleic acid degradation, citric acid cycle
NADH: citric acid cycle –> electron transport chain
NADP+: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate shunt
NADPH: Used in synthesis of carbohydrates, fats, amino acids and nucleic acids

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12
Q

Deficiency in Niacin/Vitamin B3?

A

Glossitis

Pellagra

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13
Q

Active forms of Biotin/Vitamin B7?

A

Biotin bound to carboxylases
Released by biotinidase in small intestine
Bound in cells to carboxylases

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14
Q

Carboxylase cofactor–binds CO2
For pyrovate carboxylase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

Biotin/Vitamin B7

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15
Q

Deficiency of biotin/vitamin B7

A

Dermatitis
Hair loss (alopecia)
Enteritis

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16
Q

Active form of pyridoxine/Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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17
Q

Coenzyme involved in amino acid degradation/conversion to other important molecules
-Aminotransferases
-Decarboxylases–serotonin, norepi
-Serin hydroxymethyltransferase – one carbon metabolism/myelination
-Aldolases
Coenzyme involved in glycogen degradation
-Glycogen phosphorylase
Coenzyme involved in porphyrin synthesis

A

Pyridoxin/Vitamin B6

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18
Q

Deficiency in Pyridoxin/Vitamin B6

A

Convulsions
Dermatitis
Peripheral neuropathy
Sideroblastic anemia

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19
Q

Active form of Folate/Vitamin B9

A

Tetrahydrofolate

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20
Q

Carrier of 1 carbon units for purine synthesis, dTMP synthesis from dUMP and conversion of homocysteine to methionine for S-adenosylmethionine synthesis

A

Folate/Vitamin B9

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21
Q

Deficiency of Folate/Vitamin B9

A

Megaloblastic anemia

Fetal neural tube defects

22
Q

How is Cobalamin/Vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Through an Intrinsic factor – Vitamin B12 complex

23
Q

Cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Required fro TH4 Folate availability for DNA synthesis
Functions in myelin synthesis

A

Cobalamin/Vitamin B12

24
Q

Deficiency of Cobalamin/Vitamin B12

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Fetal neural tube defects
Demyelination
Neural degeneration

25
Q

Where are most B-vitamins absorbed?

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

26
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Ileum

27
Q

Where is microbiota produced biotin absorbed?

A

Large intestine

28
Q

Active form of Ascorbate/Viatmin C

A

Ascorbic acid

29
Q

Antioxidant
Cofactor of enzymes that reduce metal ions
Post-translational modification of proteins–collagen
Synthesis of ntm and hormones

A

Ascorbate/Vitamin C

30
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C

A

Abnormal collagen cross linking leading to bleeding

Scurvy

31
Q

Where is vitamin E/tocopherol stored?

A

In adipose tissue, liver, muscle

32
Q

Antioxidant-scavenges free radicals

Recycled by Vitamin C

A

Vitamin E/Tocopherol

33
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E/Tocopherol?

A

Hemolytic anemia
Muscle weakness
Demyelination

34
Q

Cofactor for coagulation factors 2, 7, 9, 10, protein C and protein S; also for bone calcium binding proteins
Modified Gla residue binds calcium, localizes to activated platelets

A

Vitamin K/Phylloquinone

35
Q

Deficiency of vitamin K/phylloquinone?

A

Bleeding

36
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

Liver

37
Q

Active forms of vitamin A and what they are used for

A

Beta-carotene: antioxidant, vit A precursor
Retinol (vit a): major transport form
11-cis retinal (retinaldyhyde): vision
Retinoid acid: gene regulation

38
Q

What are some things that retinoid acid regulates the gene expression of?

A 
Epithelial cell function
Mucous cell function
Immunity 
Reproduction
Development
39
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin A (carotenes, retinoids)

A 
Night blindness
Susceptibility to infection 
Dry scaly skin
Corneal degeneration 
Alopecia
Oseoporosis
40
Q

What does 11-cis-retinal bind?

A

Rhodopsin in rods

Cone pigments in cones

41
Q

Forms of vitamin D/Calciferols

A

Dietary in micelles: Cholecalciferol (animals), ergocalciferol (plants)
Hormone: 7-dehydrocholesterol –> vitamin D2
Active: 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D

42
Q

Controls expression genes that act in calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestine, bone formation and dissolution, renal retention of calcium and phosphate

Also: cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, immune suppression, anti-inflammation, differentiation

Requires retinoic acid

A

Vitamin D/Calciferols

43
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D/calciferols

A

Children-rickets

Adults-osteomalacia

44
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Duodenum/jejunum: all fat soluble vitamins
Ileum: vitamin D
Large intestine: microbiota produced vitamin K

45
Q

Where are minerals absorbed?

A

Stomach and the entire intestine

46
Q

Mineral involved in oxygen transport and energy metabolism

A

Iron

47
Q

Mineral involved in wound healing and spermatogenesis

A

Zinc

48
Q

Mineral involved in thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

49
Q

Mineral with antioxidant properties, involved in electron transport, collagen-crosslinking, development

A

Copper

50
Q

Mineral involved in dental health

A

Fluoride

51
Q

Mineral with antioxidant properties and involve in thyroid hormone function

A

Selenium

GI (34 decks)

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