Nutrition through the lifespan

Question 1

kcal/kg for a normal body weight pregnant woman

Answer 1

30 kcal/kg

Question 2

kcal/kg for a >120% IBW pregnant woman

Answer 2

24 kcal/kg

Question 3

kcal/kg for a <90% IBW pregnant woman

Answer 3

36-40 kcal/kg

Question 4

Micronutrients required during pregnancy

Answer 4

Iron
Folic Acid
Calcium

Question 5

How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of <18.5?

Answer 5

28-40 lbs

Question 6

How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of 18.5-24.9?

Answer 6

25-35 lbs

Question 7

How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of 25-29.9?

Answer 7

15-25 lbs

Question 8

How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of >30?

Answer 8

15 lbs

Question 9

What are some problems that might be encountered with pregnancy related to overweight/obesity?

Answer 9

Gestational diabetes
Macrosomia
Eclampsia

Question 10

What are some dietary precautions to be aware of?

Answer 10

Cravings - pica
Fish consumption - d/t mercury
Listeriosis - limit deli meats, raw fish
Specific disease states - PKU, renal disease, diabetes

Question 11

Some benefits of breastfeeding

Answer 11

Better for baby's immune system 
Better digested
Linked to decreased risk of ovarian and breast cancer
Less expensive
Improves mother/child bonding
Burns calories for the mother

Question 12

What are some additional micronutrients that are needed in pregnancy?

Answer 12

Calcium: additional 1000 mg/day

Folic acid: 500 mcg/day

Question 13

What growth chart do you use for premature infants?

Answer 13

Fenton 2003 until 40 weeks gestation

Question 14

What growth chart do you use for birth - 24 months?

Answer 14

WHO growth charts (all the way through the 24th month)

Question 15

What growth chart do you use for 2-20 years?

Answer 15

CDC growth chart
Overweight = 85-95% BMI for age
Obese = >95% BMI for age

Question 16

What growth charge do you use for cerebral palsy?

Answer 16

Brooks growth chart

Question 17

What are some micronutrient needs in infancy?

Answer 17

Vitamin K
Iron
Vitamin D

Question 18

When should you start supplementing iron and vit D in breastfed infants?

Answer 18

Iron – by 6 months of age

Vit D – shortly after birth

Question 19

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 19

Protein energy malnutrition that leads to edema that masks muscle wasting

Question 20

What is marasmus?

Answer 20

Protein energy malnutrition that presents as a wasted appearance and diminished subcutaneous fat stores
Caused by overall lack of adequate energy intake

Question 21

How can an infant get dental caries?

Answer 21

Through the use of a bottle or sip cup while sleeping or ad lib intake while awake with liquids other than water

Question 22

When do you start doing flouride supplementation if water supply has an inadequate amount?

Answer 22

After 6 months of age

Question 23

What is the difference between GER and GERD?

Answer 23

GER is common in newborns and usually resolves with lower volume/more frequent feedings, position changes, and maturation of the infants GI tract; painless and does not affect the infants growth

GERD is reflux accompanied by symptoms and complications –> inadequate growth

Question 24

When do you introduce an infant’s first foods?

Answer 24

Around 6 months of age

Question 25

What type of mile should an infant drink and at what age?

Answer 25

At 12 months of age the can begin to drink whole milk

Question 26

How does breast fed poop differ from formula fed poop?

Answer 26

Breastfed: 3-4 soft, medium sized, yellow stools per day | Formula fed: firmer, less frequent, tan-colored

Question 27

During infancy into adolescence what is the breakdown of macronutrients that you need?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates: 50-60% of total intake Protein: 10-15% of total Fat: 25-30% of total

Question 28

What does fiber do?

Answer 28

Prevents constipation, protects against heart disease

Question 29

How much fiber should an infant-adolescent eat?

Answer 29

Ages 6-12 months: gradually increase to 5g per day | Children older than 2 years of age -- child's age + 5g/day

Question 30

How much vitamin D do infants-adolescents need?

Answer 30

400 IU/day starting with the first day of life

Question 31

What benefits does vit D provide?

Answer 31

Bone health, prevention of cancer, autoimmune and infectious disease

Question 32

What are some risks of iron deficiency?

Answer 32

Poorer cognitive performance | Delayed psychomotor development

Question 33

Who is at risk of getting iron deficiency?

Answer 33

High milk volume Poor intake of solids Dieting

Question 34

What is a serving size for a toddler?

Answer 34

Offer 1 tablespoon of each food for every year of age for preschool children **Watch for choking hazards under the age of 4

Question 35

How much juice should a toddler drink?

Answer 35

less than 4 oz per day

Question 36

What are some things to monitor in restrictive vegetarian diets in teens?

Answer 36

Intake of vit B12, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, long chain omega-3 fatty acids, iron, riboflavin

Question 37

What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia nervosa?

Answer 37

Anorexia: voluntarily-restricted caloric intake | Bulimia nervosa: binge eating + compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain

Question 38

Medical complications of anorexia

Answer 38

``` Amenorrhea Bradycardia Abnormal EKG Fatigue Dizziness Hypercholesterolemia ```

Question 39

Medical complications of bulimia

Answer 39

Constipation and laxative dependency, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities Esophagitis, reflux, gatritis

Question 40

How much water should an athlete drink?

Answer 40

16 oz water needed for each pound of weight lost *Sports drinks not needed for workouts less than 60 minutes