Nutrition through the lifespan Flashcards
kcal/kg for a normal body weight pregnant woman
30 kcal/kg
kcal/kg for a >120% IBW pregnant woman
24 kcal/kg
kcal/kg for a <90% IBW pregnant woman
36-40 kcal/kg
Micronutrients required during pregnancy
Iron
Folic Acid
Calcium
How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of <18.5?
28-40 lbs
How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of 18.5-24.9?
25-35 lbs
How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of 25-29.9?
15-25 lbs
How much weight should a pregnant women gain with a BMI of >30?
15 lbs
What are some problems that might be encountered with pregnancy related to overweight/obesity?
Gestational diabetes
Macrosomia
Eclampsia
What are some dietary precautions to be aware of?
Cravings - pica
Fish consumption - d/t mercury
Listeriosis - limit deli meats, raw fish
Specific disease states - PKU, renal disease, diabetes
Some benefits of breastfeeding
Better for baby's immune system Better digested Linked to decreased risk of ovarian and breast cancer Less expensive Improves mother/child bonding Burns calories for the mother
What are some additional micronutrients that are needed in pregnancy?
Calcium: additional 1000 mg/day
Folic acid: 500 mcg/day
What growth chart do you use for premature infants?
Fenton 2003 until 40 weeks gestation
What growth chart do you use for birth - 24 months?
WHO growth charts (all the way through the 24th month)
What growth chart do you use for 2-20 years?
CDC growth chart
Overweight = 85-95% BMI for age
Obese = >95% BMI for age
What growth charge do you use for cerebral palsy?
Brooks growth chart
What are some micronutrient needs in infancy?
Vitamin K
Iron
Vitamin D
When should you start supplementing iron and vit D in breastfed infants?
Iron – by 6 months of age
Vit D – shortly after birth
What is kwashiorkor?
Protein energy malnutrition that leads to edema that masks muscle wasting
What is marasmus?
Protein energy malnutrition that presents as a wasted appearance and diminished subcutaneous fat stores
Caused by overall lack of adequate energy intake
How can an infant get dental caries?
Through the use of a bottle or sip cup while sleeping or ad lib intake while awake with liquids other than water
When do you start doing flouride supplementation if water supply has an inadequate amount?
After 6 months of age
What is the difference between GER and GERD?
GER is common in newborns and usually resolves with lower volume/more frequent feedings, position changes, and maturation of the infants GI tract; painless and does not affect the infants growth
GERD is reflux accompanied by symptoms and complications –> inadequate growth
When do you introduce an infant’s first foods?
Around 6 months of age
What type of mile should an infant drink and at what age?
At 12 months of age the can begin to drink whole milk
How does breast fed poop differ from formula fed poop?
Breastfed: 3-4 soft, medium sized, yellow stools per day
Formula fed: firmer, less frequent, tan-colored
During infancy into adolescence what is the breakdown of macronutrients that you need?
Carbohydrates: 50-60% of total intake
Protein: 10-15% of total
Fat: 25-30% of total
What does fiber do?
Prevents constipation, protects against heart disease
How much fiber should an infant-adolescent eat?
Ages 6-12 months: gradually increase to 5g per day
Children older than 2 years of age – child’s age + 5g/day
How much vitamin D do infants-adolescents need?
400 IU/day starting with the first day of life
What benefits does vit D provide?
Bone health, prevention of cancer, autoimmune and infectious disease
What are some risks of iron deficiency?
Poorer cognitive performance
Delayed psychomotor development
Who is at risk of getting iron deficiency?
High milk volume
Poor intake of solids
Dieting
What is a serving size for a toddler?
Offer 1 tablespoon of each food for every year of age for preschool children
**Watch for choking hazards under the age of 4
How much juice should a toddler drink?
less than 4 oz per day
What are some things to monitor in restrictive vegetarian diets in teens?
Intake of vit B12, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, long chain omega-3 fatty acids, iron, riboflavin
What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia: voluntarily-restricted caloric intake
Bulimia nervosa: binge eating + compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
Medical complications of anorexia
Amenorrhea Bradycardia Abnormal EKG Fatigue Dizziness Hypercholesterolemia
Medical complications of bulimia
Constipation and laxative dependency, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities
Esophagitis, reflux, gatritis
How much water should an athlete drink?
16 oz water needed for each pound of weight lost
*Sports drinks not needed for workouts less than 60 minutes
