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Human Biology 1 > Nutrition (Week 4) > Flashcards

Nutrition (Week 4) Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism (Week 4)

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1
Q

What is Nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the source of nutrients required for biological exertion, and raw materials required for synthesis of biological molecules and cells.

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2
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Metabolism is all chemical reactions occurring in the body.

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3
Q

What is a Nutrient?

A

A nutrient is a substance in our food that our body’s able to use to help with cellular function, maintenance and growth repair.

This often occurs through providing energy like ATP or the building blocks needed in a cell to perform these processes.

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4
Q

What are the key nutrients for the Human body?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids (fats)
  4. Water
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5
Q

Why is Water a key Nutrient?

A

Our body requires water to function and maintain homeostasis.

Without it, our body functions would not occur and we would die of dehydration.

It’s vitally important for cellular function – water makes up 70% of each cell in our body.

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6
Q

What major nutrient does Glucose come from?

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

What is Glucose’s Nutrient Function?

A

Glucose, used with oxygen produces ATP in the mitochondria.

This is the cell’s main energy source powering many different functions.

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8
Q

What major nutrient does Amino Acid come from?

A

Proteins

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9
Q

What is Protein’s Nutrient Function?

A

Proteins are used for amino acids to create new proteins needed in cells, create new muscle tissue and form globin in red blood cells

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10
Q

What is Lipid Fats Nutrient Function?

A

Fats can be used to form cell membranes and create new substances, such as lipid-based hormones

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11
Q

What are the essential Vitamins and Minerals needed to maintain homeostatic processes?

A
  1. B vitamins: needed in DNA and RNA replication
  2. Vitamins A, C and E: function as antioxidants
  3. Iron: important in the production of haemoglobin in red blood cells
  4. Electrolytes (sodium and potassium): involved in production of nerve signals

5.Calcium: formation and maintenance of bones, and involved in muscle contractions

  1. Vitamin D: alongside calcium it is vital for formation and maintenance of bones
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12
Q

How are Carbohydrate Nutrients used?

A

Most Cells rely on glucose as their only energy source, so our body needs to make sure that glucose is present at an adequate level in the blood to provide energy to these cells at all times.

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13
Q

How are Protein Nutrients used?

A

Amino acids can be used in numerous ways, such as creating new muscle tissue or the haemoglobin used in red blood cells, to carry oxygen around our body, in the bloodstream, to our cells.

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14
Q

How are Vitamins and Minerals used?

A
  1. B vitamins: needed in DNA and RNA replication
  2. Vitamins A, C and E: function as antioxidants
  3. Iron: important in the production of haemoglobin in red blood cells
  4. Electrolytes (sodium and potassium): involved in production of nerve signals
  5. Calcium: formation and maintenance of bones, and involved in muscle contractions
  6. Vitamin D: alongside calcium it is vital for formation and maintenance of bones
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15
Q

Where do we get Nutrients from?

A
  1. Grains or cereals
  2. Vegetables and legumes / beans.
  3. Lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds, legumes & beans.
  4. Fruit
  5. Milk, yogurt, cheese and alternatives.
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16
Q

What are Carbohydrates Function?

A

Carbohydrates provide our nervous system with glucose, which cannot use other sources to produce energy, and every other cell with readily available energy.

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17
Q

What is the appropriate intake of Carbohydrates?

A

To have enough glucose we need to consume at least 130 grams of carbohydrates per day.

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18
Q

What is the % Total Daily Carbohydrate Nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates make up 45% to 65% of our total daily nutrients.

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19
Q

What is the ideal Carbohydrate dietary sources?

A

Primarily in the form of whole grains and vegetables, with some through fruits as well.

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Starch - which are complex carbohydrates found in grains and vegetables
  2. Sugars - which are found in fruits, sugar cane, honey and milk
  3. Fibre - which helps to maintain good health.
  4. Insoluble fibre - like cellulose is found in many vegetables.
  5. Soluble fiber - comes in the forms of things like pectins which are found in fruits like apples and citrus.
21
Q

What is the primary use of Glucose and other monosaccharides?

A

The primary use for glucose and other monosaccharides is to make cellular energy in the form of ATP.

Other monosaccharides, fructose and galactose, get converted into glucose by the liver.

Some cells such as neurons and red blood cells rely completely on the presence of glucose to survive and cannot convert fats or amino acids into ATP.

22
Q

What is the % Total of Daily Lipids (fats) Nutrients:?

A

Should make up 20% of the total nutrients we consume each day.

23
Q

What happens to Lipids (fast) when we consume more than we need?

A

Anything above what we actually need is converted to adipose tissue and stored, adding body volume and mass.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of Fats?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Saturated fats
  3. Unsaturated fats
25
Q

What is the function of Lipids (fats)?

A

Lipids form phospholipid membranes and myelin sheaths, and adipose tissues to provide a protective layer for organs, insulation, and as a store of energy

Create prostaglandins and help to absorb lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D and E)

26
Q

What role does Prostaglandins play in Lipid (Fats)?

A

Lipids are used to create prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins are immune regulatory molecules formed with linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

Prostaglandins play important roles in smooth muscle contraction and the inflammatory pathway.

27
Q

What are the two forms of Cholesterol?

A

Low-density lipoproteins or LDLs (Bad Cholesterol – risk of heart attack & stroke)

High density lipoproteins or HDLs (Good Cholesterol)

28
Q

What are LDLs Function?

A

LDLs help deliver cholesterol to cells to perform vital functions such as stabilizing cell membranes or producing steroid hormones (balance is important)

29
Q

Why should Cholesterol consumption be kept to a minimum?

A

The Liver can produce 85% of what we actually require.

30
Q

What is the appropriate Protein intake?

A

Roughly 0.8 g protein per kg of body weight

Example - 70 kilogram adult that would be about 56 grams of complete protein.

Requirements vary depending on age, size, metabolic rate, nitrogen balance

31
Q

What are Complete and Non-Complete Protein dietary sources?

A

Complete proteins - refers to foods that individually contain all of the required amino acids i.e. meats, fish, eggs or dairy, or milk products

Non-complete Proteins - do not contain all of the required amino acids individually but eaten together they will provide all of the amino acids needed i.e. Legumes, soy, nuts and cereals

32
Q

What are Protein dietary sources?

A

Eggs, meat, milk, fish and meats, all complete proteins, and legumes, nuts, and cereals.

33
Q

What is the Function of Amino Acids that come from Protein?

A

Amino acids are used to produce structural materials, such as keratin, collagen and elastin, and functional molecules, such as enzymes and hormones

34
Q

What are the three nutrients derived from Protein?

A
  1. Enzymes - used for many different chemical reactions in all cells and systems.
  2. Peptide and Amino acid derivative hormones - are also made of amino acids, as these are required to control many body functions.
  3. Amino acids - are also able to be used for energy if glucose is not readily available.
35
Q

What are Vitamins?

A

Vitamins are organic compounds needed in very small amounts for growth and well-being.

They do not serve as an energy source or building blocks as the body cannot synthesise most of the vitamins and minerals it requires however they help the body use the other nutrients

36
Q

What is the Vitamins Function?

A

Many vitamins work as coenzymes, or enzyme helpers, which act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical task.

Many B vitamins are used as coenzymes for glucose oxidation into energy.

37
Q

What are the dietary sources of Vitamins?

A

Most of our vitamins are not made in the body, with the exception or vitamins D, K, A and some B vitamins, so we must ingest them in food or vitamin supplements

38
Q

What are the dietary sources of Vitamins D, K, A and some B vitamins?

A

Vitamin D - is made in the skin upon exposure to sunlight.

Vitamin B (not all) - in particular B12 are synthesized by the intestinal bacteria in the large intestine.

Vitamin K - are synthesized by the intestinal bacteria in the large intestine.

Vitamin A - We can also convert beta-carotene, the orange pigment found in carrots and other foods, into vitamin A.

39
Q

What Vitamins are Water-Soluble Vitamins?

A
  • B Complex Vitamins
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin B12
40
Q

How are Water-Soluble Vitamins Absorbed?

A

Absorbed along with water from the GI tract - Vitamin B Complex & Vitamin C

Absorbed must be bound to intrinsic factor which is produced and released by cells in the stomach - Vitamin B12

41
Q

Can Water-Soluble Vitamins be Stored?

A

No, they cannot be stored in the body for later use as cells take up what is required from the absorbed vitamins and whatever is left over will be excreted an hour or so later.

42
Q

Which Vitamins are Fat Soluble Vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamins A,
  2. Vitamins D,
  3. Vitamins E
  4. Vitamins K
43
Q

How are Fat-Soluble Vitamins Absorbed?

A

Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E and K) bind to lipids in the gastrointestinal tract.

Interference with lipid absorption will interfere with the level of fat-soluble vitamins

44
Q

Can Fat-soluble Vitamins be stored?

A
  • Stored in the body, except for vitamin K
  • An excess of these vitamins can be dangerous, in particular vitamin A (overdoses have been well documented)
45
Q

What are the Minerals the body requires in moderate amounts?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Potassium
  4. Sulfur
  5. Sodium
  6. Chlorine
  7. Magnesium
46
Q

What are the Minerals the body requires in trace amounts?

A
  1. Chromium
  2. Copper
  3. Zinc
  4. Manganese
  5. Iodine
  6. Selenium
  7. Molybdenum
47
Q

What are Mineral’s function?

A

Minerals are not used to fuel the body but work with other nutrients to ensure homeostasis.

Mineral uptake and excretion needs to be balanced to prevent toxicity.

48
Q

What is the % of total Mineral intake the body needs and which Minerals make up the majority?

A

Minerals make up 4 percent of the body by weight, and

Calcium and Phosphorus make up three-quarters of the total amount of minerals in the body.

49
Q

What is the role of Minerals in Body Maintenance?

A
  1. Calcium and Phosphorus (along with magnesium salts) are responsible for hardening bones and teeth.
  2. Iron is essential for haemoglobin function - It is required to move oxygen around the body.

Human Biology 1 (11 decks)

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