Nutrition of Diabetes Flashcards
how effective are lifestyle changes at preventing T2DM compared to medication
lower calorie/healthier diet and increased exercise is just as if not more effective than taking medication
what patients should be screened for risk of developing T2DM
those >40y/o(except pregnant), those aged 25-39y/o South Asian, Chinese, African Caribbean, Black African, etc., those with conditions that increase risk of T2DM
what degree of weight loss reduction should be recommended to patients at high risk of developing T2DM
weight loss of 5-7% of body weight significantly reduces risk
what dietary advice should be given to those at high risk of T2DM trying to lose weight
decrease high energy/calorie food/meals, a diet high in fibre, reduce total fat/saturated fat in diet
what are the recommended weekly levels of exercise and activity advice for patients
at least 150mins moderate exercise a week, OR 75mins vigorous exercise a week, also decrease sedentary time, improve strength + balance twice a week
what is the difference between moderate and vigorous physical activity
moderate = increased breathing, able to talk(eg swim, walk, cycle) vigorous = breathing fast, difficulty talking(eg run, sports)
what types of diabetes are nutrition and lifestyle advice important to help with management
all types of diabetes
what is the aim of diet and lifestyle management in the majority(80-90%) of people with T2DM
main issue is overweight and obesity
sustained weight loss of >/= 5%, by reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure
what is a general daily calorie deficit that can be used for diabetes patients losing weight
-600kcal a day
although this should be tailored to patients lifestyle and realistic to there situation
in general what foods/drinks/behaviours should be reduced in those trying to lose weight
energy dense foods/drinks, fast foods, alcohol, sedentary behaviour
(although should be tailored to individual for best results)
in general what food/drink/behaviours should be encouraged in those trying to lose weight
low energy dense food/drinks, increased physical activity, self-weighing
what are some challenges to weight loss and maintenance
medication can induce weight gain, unrealistic aims can lead to frustration and non-compliance
what nutrition advice is given to those with T1DM taking multiple daily injections or on insulin pumps
(ie those using basal bolus insulin)
adjust insulin to carbohydrate intake(‘carb counting’ or ‘insulin dose adjustment’), offer education and support
what nutrition advice is given to those with T1DM on fixed mixed insulin regimes
aim for consistent quantities of carbohydrates on a day-to-day basis
describe what DAFNE is
Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating, is an advanced carb counting course to help those with T1DM manage their nutrition
what are the pros of carb counting/insulin dose adjustment
consistency less important, can enjoy wider variety of food, promotes self-management
what are the cons of carb counting/insulin dose adjustment
complex so requires education + support, regular BG monitoring, focus on this may compromise other aspects of diet
what are the different steps of carbohydrate counting/insulin dose adjustment
identify which foods contain carbs, calculate/estimate carb content of meal, calculate insulin dose required to ‘cover’ carbs eaten
(eg 1 insulin unit:10g carbs, different for each patient)
what is the glycaemic index(GI) of a food
it is a rank of the rate at which food makes blood glucose rise
what are the usual causes of hypoglycaemia in those with T1DM
missed/delayed meals, not enough carbs at last meal, increased exercise, too much insulin, alcohol
what are some ways to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia in those with T1DM
carry emergency supply of carbs, check BG regularly, never consume alcohol on empty stomach, be aware stress/exercise/illness affect BG levels
