Nutrition Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards
Crude Protein
a measure of the N content of a feed ingredient multiplied by the factor 6.25. This approximates the amount of protein in a sample.
Crude Fiber
is an estimate of the fiber content of feeds. It includes only some of the components of fiber.
Crude Ash
is the material remaining when a feed sample is completely oxidized in a muffle furnace. It contains the mineral component of the sample.
Crude Fat
is a measure of the components in a feed sample that can be extracted with an organic solvent such as diethyl ether. It approximates the fat content in the sample.
NDF
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the portion of fiber that is insoluble in neutral detergent. This is roughly equivalent to the cell wall fraction. It includes 3 major components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
ADF
(ADF) is the portion of fiber that is insoluble in acid detergent. The hemicellulose portion of the cell wall fraction is soluble in acid detergent. Therefore, ADF consists of cellulose and lignin.
Digestible Energy
is the energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces is subtracted from the gross energy. This gives an idea of how much energy the animal absorbs from the feed.
Gross Energy
is the total potential energy in a feed ingredient. This doesn’t tell us much about how much energy will actually be available for the animal to use.
Metabolizable Energy
is the energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces and urine, and energy lost in the form of gas is subtracted from gross energy. An example of gaseous energy lost is methane.
Net Energy
the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the feces, urine, and in heat production through digestive and metabolic processes, i.e. heat increment.
Forage
defined as vegetative material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state. It includes the leaves, stems, and stalks of plants.
Pasture
an area of land on which there is a growth of forage that animals can graze.
Hay
is forage harvested during the growing period and preserved by drying.
Roughage
are bulky feeds with a low weight per unit volume. Bulky feeds are high in fiber.
Silage/Haylage
are fermented forages stored under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions in a silo.
Warm Season Grasses
Bermudagrass and switchgrass
Cool Season Grasses
Fescue grass, orchardgrass, and timothy grass
yellow dent corn
-the most popular energy feed used in feeding livestock
-dried and ground for feeding simple stomach animals such as pigs and poultry
-whereas whole kernel or steam flaked corn is fed to large ruminants such as cattle.
Sorghum
energy feed mainly produced in the semi-arid area (such as Kansas, Panhandle Texas, and Oklahoma) where it is too dry for yellow dent corn
.
Wheat
excellent energy source for feeding livestock
Barley
Barley is well used as an energy source.
. Barley is grown in the north central and far western states in the US. Barley has a short growing season and is relatively drought tolerant compared with wheat.
Oats
- Due to its relatively high fiber content, oats can be used as a laxative in lactation diets and for ulcer prevention
-commonly fed to horses and companion animals.
Wheat Middling
-energy feed
-mainly fed to ruminant animals
Milk co-product
exellent energy source for newly weaned animals. However, adult animals may have some difficulties eating feed high in milk co-products due to reduced ability to digest lactose.
Beet Pulp
Beet pulp is commonly provided as dried pellets mixed with other grains for horses. Dried pellet can also be soaked with water before feeding.
Soybean Meal
most popular protein supplement fed to livestock.
-excellent protein supplement for livestock and extensively used feeding pigs and poultry.
Corn Gluten Meal
Corn gluten meal is approximately 43 to 60% protein.
It is often included in diets of companion animals.
Canola Meal
excellent protein supplement for livestock and extensively used feeding pigs and poultry.
Cottonseed Meal
It is fed in limited amount to all animals because of gossypol, which is a toxic substance in the seed. Ruminants tolerate more than other animals because the microorganisms in the rumen decrease its toxicity.
DDGS
different oil content will cause difference in composition of other nutrients such as protein, fiber, and minerals. Therefore, when using DDGS, oil content needs to be checked.
Fish Meal
Fish meal contains approximately 60 to 70% protein and is of high quality. It is a common ingredient in feed for many species especially for young animals.
Poultry by product meal
is produced from head, feet, undeveloped eggs and viscera. It contains 48 to 64% CP that is of lower quality than flesh.
Meat Meal
-Meat meal (IFN: 5-00-385) is processed from carcass trimmings and condemned carcasses. It includes organs, bone, and fat but does not contain blood, hair, hooves, horns or hide
-However, use of mammalian protein in ruminant feed is prohibited since 1997 even though this excludes milk products, porcine or equine protein, and blood and blood products.
Dried Skim Meal
It contains about 35% protein and is of high quality. Due to its high cost, it is limited to feeding young animals.
Plasma Protein
In young pigs, inclusion of plasma protein stimulates intake. However, for its high cost and the use is limited to young animals.
Crystalline Amino Acids
Some essential amino acids are commercially available as feed additives.
L-Lys is most used amino acid and included mainly in swine and poultry feed. DL-Met is the second most used amino acid and included mainly in poultry feed.
Ground Limestone
s an excellent source of Ca (39% Ca) added to animal feeds. Ground limestone also contains significant amount of Mg (2.06% Mg) and Fe (0.35% Fe)
Calcium Phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate (IFN: 6-01-080) contains 18.5% P (20 to 24% Ca) and monocalcium phosphate (IFN: 6-26-334) contains 21.1% P (17.0% Ca). Phosphate requirement can be met by the use of calcium phosphate which will also provide Ca.
Why do we need chemical analysis
Providing information for feed labels to meet regulations
feedstuffs may be analyzed for potentially harmful components.
Analysis of interest for forages?
the dry matter content
energy concentration,
crude protein
neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
acid detergent fiber (ADF)
non-fiber carbohydrate (water soluble carbohydrates, sugars, and starch),
mineral content of the forage.
Analyses of interest for concentrates
the dry matter content,
energy concentration,
crude protein,
essential fatty acids,
ether extract,
crude fiber,
NSP, and
mineral content.
For pigs, poultry, dogs, and cats concentration of the indispensable amino acids
What does proximate analysis include
It is a sequential analysis which means that some of the components are determined on a single sample.
Crude protein is determined on one sample.
Ether extract,
crude fiber,
and crude ash are determined on a second sample.
What is detergent analysis
describes the fibrous components or fractions of the plant more completely than crude fiber.
What instrument is used to determine the energy content of a sample
bomb calorimeter
How do you determine the ash or mineral content of a sample
the material remaining when a feed sample is completely oxidized in a muffle furnace.
After the sample is oxidized, the residue is dried and weighed. It contains the mineral component of the sample.
The total mineral content is termed crude ash.
How are filter bags used to analyze samples
The sample is placed in a filter bag which is sealed.
The sealed bags are then placed on a suspender tray that will be submerged in thedetergent solution . Components in the sample that are soluble in the detergent are extracted. After the extraction is complete, the bags are rinsed, dried, and weighed.
What are the 7 items required on a feed label
1.) Net Weight of Feed
2.) Brand name and product name
3.)Guaranteed Analysis
-crude protein-min
-crude fat
-crude fiber
4.) Listing of Ingredients
5.)Directions for use
6.) Name and mailing address of the manufacturer
7.) Warnings
How does the guaranteed analysis differ among species
The guaranteed analysis for dog and cat foods must also include moisture (maximum).
What are nutrient requirements
nutrient requirements can be assessed based on the nutrients needed for body maintenance and for production (including growth, egg production, milk production, reproduction).
Where can nutrient requirements for different species be found?
nutrient requirements for animals based on a thorough review of existing literature. One good example is a nutrient requirement suggested from NRC (National Research Council).
What are three items you need to know to formulate diets for swine
target age or body weight of pigs and their nutrient requirements,
types of feedstuffs available
nutrient composition in those feedstuffs.
Some energy feeds fed to swine
whey powder
yellow dent corn
poultry fat
Some protein supplements fed to swine
fish meal
blood plasma
dehulled soybean meal
Sheep Mouth
. Ruminants do not secrete salivary amylase.
Ruminants do not have canines, nor do they have any upper incisors.
Transverse motion of jar and well developed molars allow them to chew and grind
Sheep esophagus
The esophagus is the tube through which feed passes to stomach. The esophagus enters the stomach at the junction of the rumen and reticulum. Feed may enter either compartment.
Sheep Abomasum
Secretes digestive enxymes HCL and Pepsin. Pepsin breaks down microbial protein and rumen undegradable protein
Sheep Omasum
Water is absorbed in the omasum
Sheep Reticulunm
he reticulum also participates in the fermentation. In addition, it directs the flow of digesta. A bolus from the rumen will move to the reticulum and be transferred up the esophagus to the mouth in the process of rumination.
Sheep Rumen
Fermentation in the rumen takes place before the glandular (acid secreting) portion of the stomach and is called pregastric fermentation.
Sheep small intestine
t has 3 sections, which are in order from the stomach to the large intestine, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Nutrients are absorbed into the epithelial cells that line each villus of the small intestine.
Large Intestine Sheep
ncludes the cecum, colon, and rectum. It is shorter in length but larger in diameter than the small intestine
-Not sacculated
-Water and electrolytes are absorbed from the colon. Feces are stored in the rectum.
Sheep accesory structures
mesentary,omentum and the pancreas.
Sheep pancreas
the pancreas is located near the duodenum. Pancreatic secretions have an important role in digestion in the small intestine. The pancreatic duct carries secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum.
Pig mouth
. The mouth is involved in acquisition and initial physical as well as some enzymatic breakdown of feed. Teeth include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Pigs mainly use premolars and molars for chewing feed. Saliva will be added while chewing feed.
Pig esophagus
feed is moved from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus.
The esophagus has a structure like a tube.
It propels the feed from the mouth to the stomach by a coordinated muscular movement called peristalsis.
Pig stomach
there are three major regions called cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions in the stomach that are glandular with secretions. These three regions secrete mucins to protect the stomach lining from HCl.
Pig small intestine
Most digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine and the remaining digesta moves to the large intestine.
Jejunum is where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs
Pig Large Intestine
The large intestine receives feed residue, digestive secretions, and epithelial cells from the small intestine which can be fermented by microorganisms in cecum and colon. Microbial fermentation produces volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and vitamin K which can be absorbed in the cecum and colon.
Chicken mouth
includes beak, lips, and tongue. Chickens do not have any teeth and use their beak to pick up feed and reduce the particle size of feeds. The mouth also does some enzymatic breakdown of feed.
Esophagus and Crop in chicken
he esophagus has a structure like a tube. The crop is an enlarged area in the esophagus where feed is moistened and stored for a short period of time
Chicken Proventricus and Ventriculus
roventriculus is similar to the fundic region of the mammalian stomach and secretes mucins, HCl, and pepsinogen. The proventriculus is followed by the ventriculus (also called the gizzard) which is the muscular portion of the stomach.
Small Intestine Chickens
Meckel’s diverticulum which is a slight bulge in the middle of the small intestine. The Meckel’s diverticulum is a residual small sac which is originally formed during the embryonic stage in the egg connecting the embryo to the yolk sac.
Chicken Large Intestine
The large intestine of chickens includes the ceca (two paired ceca), the colon, and the cloaca. The ceca are blind-ended pouches where bacterial fermentation occurs but these have little function in domestic birds as digesta cannot easily enter the ceca.
How to take a hay sample
choose the Right Time: Ideally, sample hay when it is dry and free of moisture, as this can affect the results.
Select the Hay Bales: Choose bales that are representative of the entire lot. Aim to sample different bales, especially if they come from various fields or cutting times.
Using a Hay Probe: Insert the probe into the bale at various locations (top, middle, bottom) to get a core sample. Aim for 15-20 samples from different bales.
Combine Samples: Mix the individual samples in a clean container to create a composite sample that represents the entire lo
Items of interest for a forage analysis
ems of interest in forage analysis include the dry matter, energy, crude protein, fiber, non-fiber carbohydrate (water soluble carbohydrates, sugars, and starch), and mineral content of the forage. Another item of interest is the nitrate concentration in the hay.. The level of nitrate that is of concern varies for species and physiological state.
Alfalfa
legume
Bermudagrass
warm-season perennia
Clover (red.white)
Clover is a legume. It is used for grazing (both white and red) and hay (red). It is often used in mixtures with cool season grasses.
Fescue Grass
Fescue is a cool-season perennial. It is used for grazing and hay.
OrchardGrass
Orchardgrass is a cool-season perennial. It
Switch Grass
Switchgrass is a warm-season perennial that produces well in the summer.
Timothy Grass
Timothy is a cool-season perennial. It is adapted to cooler climates and tolerates winter conditions well.
Cottonseed Hulls
Cottonseed hulls are a roughage and are included in diets for all ruminants.
Peanut Hulls
Peanut hulls are the protective outer covering of the peanut. They are a roughage.
soybean hulls
roughage2
Feed Line Flow
Recieving
Grinding
Batching and Mixing
Pelleting
Hammer Mill
hammers push corn kernal against the spring
Roller Mill
set of rolls are top and bottom
Feed Flow order through the pelleting process
Feeder Screw
Conditioner
Pellet Die
Cooler
What is the standard weight of a feed bag
50 lbs
What is the name of the automation system
Repete
Name 3 ingredients in the premix room
zinc oxide 72%
Celite
Copper Chloride
Name 3 ingredients in the micro-bin system
Salt
Bentonite
Monocalcium dicalcium phosphate 21%
Which energy value is used to formulate diets for swine?
metabolizable energy
How are concentrate feeds made
Ingredient Selection
Formulation
Mixing
Grinding
Pelleting
Cooling and Drying
Packaging and storage
