Nutrition Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards
Crude Protein
a measure of the N content of a feed ingredient multiplied by the factor 6.25. This approximates the amount of protein in a sample.
Crude Fiber
is an estimate of the fiber content of feeds. It includes only some of the components of fiber.
Crude Ash
is the material remaining when a feed sample is completely oxidized in a muffle furnace. It contains the mineral component of the sample.
Crude Fat
is a measure of the components in a feed sample that can be extracted with an organic solvent such as diethyl ether. It approximates the fat content in the sample.
NDF
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the portion of fiber that is insoluble in neutral detergent. This is roughly equivalent to the cell wall fraction. It includes 3 major components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
ADF
(ADF) is the portion of fiber that is insoluble in acid detergent. The hemicellulose portion of the cell wall fraction is soluble in acid detergent. Therefore, ADF consists of cellulose and lignin.
Digestible Energy
is the energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces is subtracted from the gross energy. This gives an idea of how much energy the animal absorbs from the feed.
Gross Energy
is the total potential energy in a feed ingredient. This doesn’t tell us much about how much energy will actually be available for the animal to use.
Metabolizable Energy
is the energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces and urine, and energy lost in the form of gas is subtracted from gross energy. An example of gaseous energy lost is methane.
Net Energy
the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the feces, urine, and in heat production through digestive and metabolic processes, i.e. heat increment.
Forage
defined as vegetative material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state. It includes the leaves, stems, and stalks of plants.
Pasture
an area of land on which there is a growth of forage that animals can graze.
Hay
is forage harvested during the growing period and preserved by drying.
Roughage
are bulky feeds with a low weight per unit volume. Bulky feeds are high in fiber.
Silage/Haylage
are fermented forages stored under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions in a silo.
Warm Season Grasses
Bermudagrass and switchgrass
Cool Season Grasses
Fescue grass, orchardgrass, and timothy grass
yellow dent corn
-the most popular energy feed used in feeding livestock
-dried and ground for feeding simple stomach animals such as pigs and poultry
-whereas whole kernel or steam flaked corn is fed to large ruminants such as cattle.
Sorghum
energy feed mainly produced in the semi-arid area (such as Kansas, Panhandle Texas, and Oklahoma) where it is too dry for yellow dent corn
.
Wheat
excellent energy source for feeding livestock
Barley
Barley is well used as an energy source.
. Barley is grown in the north central and far western states in the US. Barley has a short growing season and is relatively drought tolerant compared with wheat.
Oats
- Due to its relatively high fiber content, oats can be used as a laxative in lactation diets and for ulcer prevention
-commonly fed to horses and companion animals.
Wheat Middling
-energy feed
-mainly fed to ruminant animals
Milk co-product
exellent energy source for newly weaned animals. However, adult animals may have some difficulties eating feed high in milk co-products due to reduced ability to digest lactose.
Beet Pulp
Beet pulp is commonly provided as dried pellets mixed with other grains for horses. Dried pellet can also be soaked with water before feeding.
Soybean Meal
most popular protein supplement fed to livestock.
-excellent protein supplement for livestock and extensively used feeding pigs and poultry.
Corn Gluten Meal
Corn gluten meal is approximately 43 to 60% protein.
It is often included in diets of companion animals.
Canola Meal
excellent protein supplement for livestock and extensively used feeding pigs and poultry.
Cottonseed Meal
It is fed in limited amount to all animals because of gossypol, which is a toxic substance in the seed. Ruminants tolerate more than other animals because the microorganisms in the rumen decrease its toxicity.
DDGS
different oil content will cause difference in composition of other nutrients such as protein, fiber, and minerals. Therefore, when using DDGS, oil content needs to be checked.
Fish Meal
Fish meal contains approximately 60 to 70% protein and is of high quality. It is a common ingredient in feed for many species especially for young animals.
Poultry by product meal
is produced from head, feet, undeveloped eggs and viscera. It contains 48 to 64% CP that is of lower quality than flesh.
Meat Meal
-Meat meal (IFN: 5-00-385) is processed from carcass trimmings and condemned carcasses. It includes organs, bone, and fat but does not contain blood, hair, hooves, horns or hide
-However, use of mammalian protein in ruminant feed is prohibited since 1997 even though this excludes milk products, porcine or equine protein, and blood and blood products.
Dried Skim Meal
It contains about 35% protein and is of high quality. Due to its high cost, it is limited to feeding young animals.
Plasma Protein
In young pigs, inclusion of plasma protein stimulates intake. However, for its high cost and the use is limited to young animals.
Crystalline Amino Acids
Some essential amino acids are commercially available as feed additives.
L-Lys is most used amino acid and included mainly in swine and poultry feed. DL-Met is the second most used amino acid and included mainly in poultry feed.
Ground Limestone
s an excellent source of Ca (39% Ca) added to animal feeds. Ground limestone also contains significant amount of Mg (2.06% Mg) and Fe (0.35% Fe)
Calcium Phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate (IFN: 6-01-080) contains 18.5% P (20 to 24% Ca) and monocalcium phosphate (IFN: 6-26-334) contains 21.1% P (17.0% Ca). Phosphate requirement can be met by the use of calcium phosphate which will also provide Ca.
