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ANS 230 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

group of many cells that work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

organ system

A

group of organs working together to perform major functions to meet the physiological needs of the body

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3
Q

bacteria

A

single celled organisms

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4
Q

Cell

A

smallest independtly functioning unit

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5
Q

organ

A

anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs a specific physiological function

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6
Q

nutrients

A

Complex molecules of varying molecular structure

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7
Q

What are the six nutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, minerals and vitamins

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

C, H and O energy source and storage

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9
Q

proteins

A

amino acids as building blocks; energy source

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10
Q

Water

A

all rxs occur in water; all cells bathed in water

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Insoluable in H2O; source of energy; membranes

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11
Q

Indespensible Nutritio

A

-essential to the animal

-must be provided in the diet

-cannot be synthesized by the animal

“conditionally indispensible”, not synthesized in sufficent quantities

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11
Q

Nutrients may be

A

-a source of energy

-required in large or small amounts

-organic or inorganic

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12
Q

DIspensible Nutrition

A

-do not need to include in the diet

-synthesized by the animal

-still considered essential

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13
Q

What two things do only a plant cell have

A

1.) a rigid cell wall

2.)chloroplasts-photosynthesis

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14
Q

How do plants store energy

A

starch

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14
Q

How do animals store energy

A

they store it as glycogen or triglycerides

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15
Q

What does fiber provide microbes with

A

fermentative capacity

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15
Q

Research Bytes:Sugar Alternative

A

saccharin and sucralose seem to impact our body

it also showes the food we consume alters our gut microbiome.

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16
Q

In plants where are carbohydrates present in

A

-the cell contents as sugar or starch

-the cell wall as cellulose and hemicellulose

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17
Q

Carbohydrates (CHO) Charecterisitics

A

-comprise 60% and 90% of the DM in plants

-contains C, H and O

-Basic energy source in animals cells

  • constitute greatest proportion of the diets for herbivores
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18
Q

What do carbohydrates provide in plants

A

cellulose and hemicellulose (water-insoluable) provide stability and mechanical firmness

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19
Q

What is nutrition

A

science that interpreys the interaction of nutrients that affect maintenace, growth, reproduction, lactation, and health

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20
Q

what does nutrition focus on

A

the metabolic pathways through which molecues inside us are transformed from one form to another

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21
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of nutrients, generates chemical energy and heat

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21
Q

anabolism

A

assimilation of new chemicals for structure and function-uses energy

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22
Q

metabolism

A

interconversion of nutrients to supply energy

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23
Q

redox potential

A

ability to accept electrons in a redox reaction

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24
Q

Oxidation

A

chemical reaction that results in the loss of electrons

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25
Q

reduction

A

chemical reaction that results in the gain of electrons

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26
Q

antoine avoisier

A

“father of nutrition

-transfer of food and oxygen into heat and water creating energy

-established the chemical basis of nutrition in a respiration experiment

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27
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

-energy out must equal energy in

-energy changes form

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27
Q

digestion and absorption

A

nutrients used by the body

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28
Q

byproducts of metabolism

A

excretion in urine, feces respiration or heat loss

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29
Q

fecal loss

A

undigested nutrients

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30
Q

Monosaccharides physiological properties

A

provides energy and is glycemic

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31
Q

Dissacharides physiological properties

A

provides energy, glycemic, increases calcium absorption,

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32
Q

startch physiological properties

A

provides energy, glycemic, source of SCFA and increases stool output

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33
Q

Hexose

A

6 carbon and galactose

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34
Q

Pentose

A

5 carbon arabonose ansd xylose

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35
Q

Glucose

A

product of photosynthesis, major source of energy in our bodies

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36
Q

Galactose

A

not normally found in nature alone, normally found in disaccharide lactose

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37
Q

Fructose

A

commonly found in fruits and used commercially in many beverages

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38
Q

What is the difference between the carbonyl group in a ketone and an aldone

A

the carbonyl group that corresponds to ketone is connected to two non hydrogen groups, and aldone is connected to one hydrogen and one non hydrogen group.

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39
Q

what does aldehyde do

A

it preserves

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40
Q

what does ketone do

A

it removes

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41
Q

Glucose in plants

A

aldohexose
basic unit of starch and main storage

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42
Q

Fructose in plants

A

the main ketohexose of nutritional signifigance
fructose mainly occurs in green plants, honey, fruits and flowers
component of sucrose (a disaccharide) and Fructans (polysaccaharides) in plants

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43
Q

Glucose in animals

A

-main product of starch digestion in the Gi tract of non ruminants
- the predominant hexose in blood of healthy mammals

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44
Q

Fructose in Animals

A

-typically low or negligible and a minor sugar in the fetal fluids of humans, dogs and cats
-in contrast fructiose is present in large amounts in semen of males and fetal fluid of ungulates (cattle, sheep and pigs) and whales

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45
Q

Disaccharides

A

-consists of two units of monosacchatides linked via a glycosidic bond
-one water molecule is eliminated
-carbon gets fixed into either an alpha or beta configuration

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46
Q

maltose confirmation

A

they have alpha-bonds that are shaped in a v and is made up of two glucose molecules

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47
Q

Sucrose confirmaytion

A

alpha bonds and is both glucose and fructose

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48
Q

lactose confirmation

A

beta bonda and made up of galactose and glucose

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49
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Normal-lactase breaks it down into glucose which the animal uses and galactose which the gut microbiome uses
Lactose Intolerance-the lactose goes to the hindgut which is food for the microciome in which they consume it and it creates a lot of gas

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50
Q

Sucrose

A

-a combination of an alpha bonded D glucose and a beta bonded D-fructose
-a disaccharide
-present in larger amounts than monosaccharides in herbage and likely increases during the day because of photosynthesis

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51
Q

Homopolysaccharides in plants

A

-polysaccharides consist of a single type of many monosaccharide molecules joined through glycosidic linkages
-starch, glycogen and cellulose
-cellulose and other beta sugars van be extensively digested by bacterial enzymes

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52
Q

Starch in plants

A

-major homopolysaccharide
-grains, seeds may contain up to 70% on an as fed basis
-a mixture of amylose (30% of starch) and amylopectin (70%)

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53
Q

Cellulose in plants

A

major structural component of cell walls
-most abandont carbohydrate on the plannet
-homopolysaccharide
-linear polymer of glucose units with b(1-4 bonds)
-insoluable and ondigestible by mammalian digestive enzymes

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54
Q

Heteropolysaccharides in Plants

A

-mix of 5c and 6c sugars
-polysaccharides yield more than one component on hydrolysis

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55
Q

hemicellulose

A

consitiuents in clude xylose, arabinose, urionic acid, glucose and galactose
-more digestible than cellulose

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56
Q

Pectin

A

contains galacturonic acid with arabinose, glucose and xylose

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57
Q

Homopolysaccharides in animals

A

-polysaccharides consisting of a single type of monosaccharide molecules joined through glycosidc linkages
-in contrast to plants, monosaccarides can either be D-glucose or N-acetyl-glucosamine
-Glycogen and Chitin the only two known to animals

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58
Q

Glycogen

A

-structure is similar to amylopectin but higher in degree of branching
-in mammals, birds and fish-stored primarily in the liver and muscle
-primary form of carbs in mammals body
-major form of storage in animals
-excess storage causes abnormalities
-limited reserve-can only provide energy

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59
Q

Chitin

A

-makes up the exoskeleton of insect crustaceans and cell walls of some
-made up of beta glycosidic bonds
-strucutrally strong
-used as surgical thread that biodegradble as a wound heals
-used to wtaer proof paper and retain moisture in cosmetics and lotions

60
Q

Reduction

A

addition of H2 (mannose to mannitol)

61
Q

Oxidation

A

Ketose (-C–O) to aldose (-CHO)

62
Q

Esterification

A

OH group of carb reacts with a COOH group of a fatty acid to form ester

63
Q

Research Bytes Lactic Acid

A

lactic acid does not cause soreness
-lactate is only produced in certain situations
-low oxygen (pyruvate->lactate)

64
Q

Stage 1 of glycolysis

A

-prep stage
primes glucose molecules into whats usable
-utilizes energy to produce sugared energy

65
Q

Stage 2 of Glycolosis

A

-releases energy
-produces 6 atp

66
Q

Moles in NAD and NADH

A

1 mole=3 ATP

67
Q

Moles in FAD and FADH

A

1 mole=2 atp

68
Q

Glycolosis Net Gain of ATP

A

Input=2 ATP
Produces=4 ATP
Net Gain =8 ATP

69
Q

Glycolosis and TCA Cycle

A

produces
2 atp
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2

70
Q

Glucose to Glycogen

A

glycogenesis

71
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

72
Q

Pyruvate to glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

73
Q

Glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

74
Q

Fate of absorbed glucose

A

-first priority is formation of glycogen in liver to store in muscle
-oxidation to form energy
-excess converted to fat and stored as fat in adipose tissue

75
Q

Exergonic

A

when delta G is negative
releases energy
favorable to proceed

76
Q

Endergonic

A

when delta g is positive
-consumes energy

77
Q

what type of reactions are anabolism

A

synthetic and endergonic

78
Q

WHat type of reactions are catabolism

A

exergonic and cataholic

79
Q

How does H2 play a prominent role in energy metabolism

A

during catabolism, H2 is transferred from glucose receptors
the H2 receptors are oxidized in the mitochondria to release ATP

80
Q

Metabolism research bytes

A

-microbes chew on cellulose abd break them down
volitle fatty acids are the main sources of energy in ruminants

81
Q

ATP in the body

A

-use atp to both create glucose but to also break it down
-ATP is not stored in the body so it is readily made on demand

82
Q

Release of heat

A

-energy loss
-integral part of maintenance
-the inefficiency factor of nutrient use

83
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • no energy transfer is 100% efficient
    -all forms of energy are convertible to heat
84
Q

Metabolism definition

A

sum total of all biochemical reactions

85
Q

Metabolic Rate Definition

A

-how fast ‘fuels’ are broken down to keep cells functioning
-)2 consumed or Co2 produced per unit of time

86
Q

How much energy goes towards just simply keeping the animal alive

A

over 50%

87
Q

Why does lower mass = higher BMR

A

-larger surface area
-they lose heat faster thus it requires more energy to maintain internal temperature

88
Q

Basic Metabolic Rate Definition

A

-also reffered to as fasting catabolism
-energy expended in fasted animal
-measured by heat production

89
Q

How to asses BMR

A

-animal must be awake
-complete physical and mental rest
-post absorptive state (not actively digesting food)
-thermoneutral environment

90
Q

How is surface area used to measure BMR

A

-heat loss is proportional to body temp and the surface area is the major factor that determines heat loos\

91
Q

Kleibers ‘surface law”

A

heat loss is proportional to 3/4 power of body weighty
BW^0.75=metabolic body size

92
Q

What happens when you compare BMR per kilogram compares to when you raise BW to 0.75

A

the variability decreases greatly

93
Q

Why do we measure body weight

A

predict energy requirements more accurately
allows us to estimate feed intake more accurately
allows us to compare across species

94
Q

Sloths

A

-slowest metabolism of any non-hibernating animal and since they are so slow it reduces competitiomn
-they defecate on the ground about once a week and then go straight back up the tree

95
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

drains all the nutrients from the gut to the liver

96
Q

The absorptive state

A

the period of time during and following a meal

97
Q

The absorptive state nutrients

A

-GI tract is the main source of nutrients that enter the blood and lymph
-liver regulates circulating levels of glucose
-usually hyperglycemia and lipemia
-storage of excess fuel as glycogen or triglycerides
-amino acids then enter the liver and are used to build proteins, CHO and lipids

98
Q

The Postabsorptive state

A

the period between meals
-minimal absorption from the GI tract
-energy needs met by fuels in body reserves

99
Q

What are the three major fuel sources in the post absorptive state

A

-Hepatocytes-glycogenolysis
-adipocytes-lipolysis-b-oxidation and TCA cycle
-gluconeogenesis
-

100
Q

What is the difference between glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis

A

glucogenesis is getting glucose form carb sources and gluconeogenesis is getting glucose from non carb sources

101
Q

Why is the brain an exception to the absorptive/post absorptive states

A

FA unable to pass the blood-brain barrier
In prolonged fasting brain adapts to ketones as an energy source

102
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

-Lack mitochondria (so no TCA and ETC) have to have glucose as glucose
-derive all their ATP from glycolysis

103
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids in the Postabsorptive state (gluconeogenesis)

A

undergo beta oxidation and enter TCA as acetyl coa

104
Q

Oxidation of Lactic Acid in the Postabsorptive state (gluconeogenesis)

A

anaerobic metabolism

105
Q

Oxidation of Amino Acids in the Postabsorptive state (gluconeogenesis)

A

converted either to pyruvate or acetly coA

106
Q

Oxidation of Ketone Bodies in the Postabsorptive state (glucoseneogenesis)

A

hepatocytes convert FA to ketone bodies( used by heart kidneys and other tissues for ATP production)

107
Q

Insulin in glucose homeostasis

A

synthesized by the pancreas (beta cells)
stimulated by increased glucose
-increases glucose storage
shuts down gluconeogenesis
shuts down glycogeoysis

108
Q

Anti-Aging Drug for dogs

A

-slows down metabolism to prevent the constant death of cells without the ability to regenerate them.

109
Q

Glucagon in glucose homeostasis

A

-synthesized by the pancreas (alpha cells)
-stimulated by a reduction in glucose
-increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

110
Q

Epinephrine in glucose homeostasis

A

-synthesized by the adrenal gland
-rapid glycogenolysis-“flight or fight” situations

111
Q

Blood glucose levels in animals trends

A

cows have the lowest and llamas have the highest. Genrally livestock like cows sheep and goats have it lower but horses and pigs have it higher.

112
Q

Blood glucose levels with high glucose levels

A

Stimulus: blood glucose level rises
-beta cells of the pancreases then release insulin into the blood
-body cells take up more glucose and the liver takes glucose and stores it as glycogen

113
Q

Blood glucose levels with low glucose levels

A

stimulus:blood glucose levels fall
-alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood
-liver breaks down glycogen and releases it into the blood

114
Q

Tissues that facilitate glucose uptake

A

-skeletal and cardiac muscle
-adipose tissue
-mammary
-liver

115
Q

Energy Metabolism in Non-Ruminants

A

Abomasum-Digestive Enzyms
Small Intestine-GLucose
Hind Gut-Microbial Enzymes
Fermentation-SFCA
Then lastly absorption

116
Q

Energy Metabolism in Ruminants

A

Feed Nutrients
Rumen-Microbial Enzymes
Rumen-SCFA
Abomasum-Digestion Enzymes
Small Intestine: Protein-Feed and Microbial
Hind Gut-Microbial Enzymes
Fermentation-SCFA

117
Q

Rumen-Fermentation Vat

A

-Requires Anaereobic Environment
-Diverse Microbes
-Animal Provides housing and feed (cellulose)
-microbes provide SCFA and Protein

118
Q

SCFA

A

major source of metabolizable energy

119
Q

Microbes

A

major source of metabolizable proteins

120
Q

Acetic Acid

A

-lipogenic
-has 2 carbons and a carboxyl group

121
Q

Butyric Acid

A

-lipogenic
-has 4 carbons and a carboxyl group

122
Q

Proprionic Acid

A

-glucogenic
-has 3 carbons

123
Q

What is the difference between acetitc acid and acetate

A

their is no more hydorgen on the oh group

124
Q

What is antoine levoiser famous for

A

Linking the creation of energy to the transfer of food and oxygen into heat and water

125
Q

Which of the following is not a carbohydrate?
Question 2 Answer

a.
Glucose

b.
Cellulose

c.
Lignin

d.
Starch

A

Lignin

126
Q

Which of these disaccharides has a beta glycosidic bond?
a.Lactose

b.
Maltose

c.
Sucrose

d.
Trehalose

A

lactose

127
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics:
Question 4 Answer

a.
states that energy and/or matter is conserved

b.
states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed

c.
is also knwn as the Law of Conservation of Mass

d.
all of the above are true

A

all of the above are true

128
Q

In a study covered during the Research Bytes on Monday (Aug 26), which combination of the sugar substitutes was found to impair the glycemic response of healthy individuals?

A

Saccharin and sucralose

129
Q

The inefficiency of nutrient metabolism is related to the producion of:

A

heat

130
Q

Nutrients can be classified as either dispensable or indispensable. The difference is that:

A

an indispensable nutrient must be supplied in the diet.

131
Q

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient:

a.
Energy

b.
Proteins

c.
Water

d.
Carbohydrates

e.
Vitamins and Minerals

A

energy

132
Q

Animals can store excess energy as:
Question 9 Answer

a.
Starch

b.
Glycogen

c.
Triglyceride

d.
Both ‘B’ and ‘C’

e.
Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

A

d

133
Q

Both plant and animal cells:
Question 10 Answer

a.
Have a well defined cell nucleus that houses chromosomes

b.
Have a permeable cell membrane

c.
Contain mitochondria

d.
All of the above

A

all of the above

134
Q

The second law of thermodynamics states:

A

energy transfer is not 100% efficient

135
Q

Whats a unique feature about Sloths?
a.
they are capable of lowering their metabolism at extreme temperatures

b.
the feed they consume remains in their GI tract for extended periods of time, up to 50 days

c.
they rarely defecate and when they do they come to the bottom of the trees

d.
all of the above are unique features

A

all of the above

136
Q

Conversion of glycogen to glucose is referred to as:

A

glycogenolysis

137
Q

In class we used the body weights of animals to this power to calculate their metabolic body size:

A

b.
BW0.75

138
Q

Which of the following represents the carbonyl group and determines whether a carbohydrate is an aldose or ketose?
Question 5 Answer

a.
CHO

b.
OH

c.
C=O

d.
CH2O

A

c

139
Q

The glycolytic pathway i.e. breakdown of glucose, results in

A

generation of ATP

b.
formation of pyruvate

c.
generation of reducing equivalents

140
Q

Animals expend a majority of their dietary energy expenditure towards:

A

maintenance

141
Q

During metabolism, reactions that require the input of energy are referred to as:

A

endergonic

142
Q

A structural homopolysaccharide made of repeating units of glucose is:

A

cellulose

143
Q
A
144
Q
A
145
Q
A
146
Q
A
147
Q
A
148
Q
A
149
Q
A
150
Q
A
151
Q
A
152
Q
A
153
Q
A
154
Q
A
154
Q
A

ANS 230 (6 decks)

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