Exam 3 Flashcards
Waters importance in animal nutrition
-essential to life
-dissolves salts and hydrophilic organic molecules
-solvent in all biochemical reaction
-adequate volume necessary to maintain intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of all nutrients within physiological ranges
-maintains osmo-equilobrium in all animals
-maitains acid-base balance
Are water molecules polar
YES! it allows for a movement of solutes
Is water a good solvent
YES! it has an unique ability to disdolve polar and ionic substances making it possible for transporting nutrients.
Why is water’s high specific heat helpful
It has a high one! Since it takes a lot of energy to raise thetemperature of a certain amount of water to a specific degree it helps with regulating temperature.
How does waters high heat of vaporization benefit the animal
It helps them cool off, Since sweat os mostly water, the evaporating water absorbes excess body heat which is released into the atmosphere. This is call evaporative cooling.
What do effects do water’s adhesion and cohesion properties do
the cohesion properties allow for the surface to resist rupture when under stress and adhesion allows it to stick to substance besides itself (cell membrane)
Water’s density
It is more dense in a liquid state than a solid state. This allows for only the top layer of water to freeze but the water underneath to still be liquid which is important for aquatic animals
Intracellular water
Intracellular water is about 50% of BW
Interstital water
about 15% of body weight
Plasma Water
about 5% of body weight
Aquaporins
-indpendent of temp so allows for water to move actoss the membrane much faster
How to prevent animals from intaking to much water
-Animals will regulate their own water intake so its important to give free-choice water
Feed water as a source of water
-can be highly variable
-grains=9-30%
Forages as a source of water
-Hay <5%
-Silage 65-75%
-Pasture >90%
Metabolic Water
-comes from the oxidation of nutrients
-carbs-55g
-protein-42g
-fat-110g
Water loss in urine
releases salts, urea (mammals). other waste products
-accounts for 75-85% of total loss
Water loss in feces
-variable based on animals
-cows lose alot more water than sheep
Water loss from sweat
-high in horses
-low in chcoken and dogs since they have poorly developed sweat glands
Water loss from milk
milk has a very high water content so lactating animals lose a lot of water
When can fecal water loss increase
with undigested feed
When can water loss in urine increase
an increase in glucose, ketones and urea
When can water loss from sweat increase
higher ambient temperature
Water turnover in ruminants
body water turnover is about 7 days. Since they have more capacity they have less turnover
Water turnover in non ruminants
nonruminants have a more rapid turnover due to less water in the GIT. This means they must consume water more rapidly
Heterotherms
constant body temperature, except periods when temperature can vary (hibernation torpor)
How can camels go so long without water
-they get metabolic water in fat from hump
-they have eliptical RBS and makes a more viscous blood water barrier
-low urine and feces output
-low evaporative water loss
Thorny devil
the skin pulls water from moist grains against gravity and into its mouth, the water from the skin then ends up in the mouth
What does pH stand for
potential of hydrogen
What does physiological pH show
it quantifies the balance of acids and bases in the body
What does pH play in digestion
It affect assimilation and functionality
What happens if there is a large concentration of hydrogen ions
may kill by binding to proteins in cells and changing their charge, shape, and function.
ACIDEMIA
PH between 7.0 and 7.4
hydrogen ion concentration 320-40
ALKALEMIA
PH between 7.5 and 8.0
What point is essential for cells and normal metabolism
Ph between 7.4 and 7.5
Two importances of the pH log function
-As hydronium ion concentration increases then pH decease
-Non linear relationship which is a curve rather than a straight line
CO2 removal
-dissolve and diffuse into the blood (~10%)
-Bicarbonate (~70%)-dissolved/diffused
-RBC (~20%)
What are constantly produced by cell during metabolism
Co2 and H+
What is the first line of defense when it comes to troubleshooting
pH
How does the animal maintain pH
-Through a bicarbonate reaction
What happens if there is too much CO2
it is blown off by the lungs
-faster response
What happens if there is too much HCO3
excreted by the kindness
-slower response
Protein Buffer System
-Carboxyl and amine group
-If hydrogen ions are not at the recommended pathway and it will cause a tremendous amount of disfunction.
UTI
alkaline pH (urease producing bacteria that convert urea to ammonia)
High Protein Diet on Urine pH
low pH
Plants and fiber diet on pH
high pH
Milk diet on pH
acidic urine
Glucosuria
when glucose levels exceed renal thereshold
phyperglycemia from stress
diabetes mellitus
Ketones
-present at low levels
-indficative of chift from CHO to lipid metabolism
Acetoocetic Acid
what pH kits are typically testing for.
Cattle pH
7.0-8.4
Sheep pH
7.5-8.5
Goat pH
7.5-8.5
Horse pH
7.6-9.0
Dog pH
5.5-7.0
Cat pH
5.0-7.0
Rabbit pH
8.2
Human ph
4.6-8.0
In what locations to a H+ remains free cause a high concentration need
the lumen of the stomach
HCL in da stomach
HCL dissociates completly in aquous solutions and there are no buffers in gastric fluid.
H+ and protein digestion
a very high H+ concentration is needed to initiate the digestion of preteins. H+ bind avidly with ingested proteins.
Proteins become + charged which alters their shape so that pepsin can now hydrolyze that protein
Rumen pH
-want to maintain a pH within 6-6.5
-helps fibers digesting microbes
-starch digesters are amalolytics
Alanine transaminase
ALT of ALAT transfers an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming pyruvate and glutamate
Aspartate transaminase (AST or ASAT)
transfers an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketoglurate, forming oxaloacerate and glutamate
Deamination
the process through which amino groups are stripped from AAs, release free cytotoxic ammonia: ammonia-> ammonium-> urea or uric acid via the urea cycle in the liver
Oxidative deamination
-oxidation turns the amino group into an imino group
-Water is added to the amino group, converting it to an alpha-keto group, releasing ammonia
Decarboxylation
-clevage of a carbonyl group from AA, releasing CO2
-catalyzed by the enzyme decarboxylase
-resulting amines fufill important functions in the body-biogenic amines
What are some things formed in decarboxylation
-Histadine to histamie
-Glutamine acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid
-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine to dopamine
Anaplerotic reactions
chemical reactions that form intermediates of metabolic pathways
Gliucogenic AAs pathways
gluconeogenesis intermediates
Ketogenic AAs Pathways
ketogenesis intermediates
Glucogenic and ketogenic AAs
both pathaways
How to assess protein quality
-amino acid profile
-digestility and availability relative requirements
-chemical analysis of dietary requirements AA
-Biological evaluation
Protein Digestibilty
dietary AA available after digestion and absorption
BV (Biological Value)
-measure of efficency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein
-fraction of absorbed N retained in the body for maintance and growth
PER (protein efficency ratio)
-gain in BW per g of dietary protein or N consumed
NPU or NPV (net protein utilization/value
-similar to BV but expressed as fraction of total N retained in the body
BV equation.
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)}/ [NI-(FN-MFN)]*100
NPV
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]/NI*100
N absorbed
[NI-(FN-MFN)
N retained
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]
NI
Nitrogen intake
FN
Fecal N
MFN
Metabolic FN
UN
Urinary N
EUN
Endogenus UN
Nitrogen Balance
the traditional method of determining dietary AA/protein requirements. All N inputs and losses are collected to ensure that all N exchange is accounted for
First Law of thermodynamics
energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Seconf law of thermodynamics
Entropy always increases
-no transformation of energy us 100% efficient
-the inefficences are lost as heat
What does theory of relativity show with nutrition
equivalence between mass and energy i.e. we can convert measures of mass (pounds) to measures of energy (calories)
Direct calorimetry
measures heat production directly
Indirect calorimetry
Estimates heat produced indirectly from
-oxygen consumption
-carbon dioxide production
-ratio of CO2 to O2 (RQ)
Energy Definition
-The capacity to do work
-Feed provides chemical energy
-Cells convert chemical energy into mechanical, electrical or heat energy.
->50% of feed energy used for BM
BMR
the energy required to sustain bodily functions
Gross Energy
-Energy released as heat when substrate is fully oxidized (heat of combustion)
-Measured in Bomb calorimeter
-Heat produced is independent of chemical pathway
Gross Energy in carbohydrates
oxidation of 1g of carbs yields 4 kcal
Gross Energy in protein
yields 4 kcal
Gross Energy in fat
Oxidation of 1g of fat yields 9 kcal
Digestible Energy
energy consumed minus fecal loss,
Metabolizable energy
energy consumed minus fecal loss urine energy, gaseous energy,
Net Energy
energy consumed mines fecal loss, urine energy, gaseous energy, fermentation energy and nutrient metabolism
Heat Increment
-None of the processes run at 100%
-heat lost at every step
-HI energy given off as heat during digestion and metabolism above maintence
-Represents the inefficeny of energy use
Four sources of heat increment
-digestion
-fermentation
-waste product formation
-Nutrient Metabolsim
Total Heat Production as an Indicator of Energy Expenditure
Heat is produced via:
-basal metabolism
-GI microbes
-HI of feeding
Colubus Monkey
Forgut fermenter
The monkey has to stomach compartments which allows it to extrat more enrgy from fiber and survive on a more fibrous diet
Are cows hind-gut or foregut fermenters
foregut fermenters
Are horses hindgut or foregut fermenters
hindgut fermenters
Human micropiome
100 trilluon cells
Ranks in intestines based on microbe concetrtion from least to most
Stomach
duodenum
illeum
colon
What do microbes impact
-diet selection
-form of nutrient supply
-animal health
SCFA source of energy contribution from most to least
gorilla
cows
sheep
pony
rabbit
pig
human
Gastric Capacity and structure
-capacity is greatest in pregastric fermenters
-small stomach in carnivores-nutrient density of the diet important
-distribution and composition of epithelia lining varies between species and dietary adaptations
Small intesitine length and function
-less variable among species than stomach and hind gut, but generally shorter in carnivores than herbivores
Large Intestine Length and function
-importance of hind gut fermentation dictates variation in structure and size
-some hindgut fermentation occurs in most species
Veretebe mouth and pharynx
entry
Esophagus mouth and pharynx
delivers food to the stomach
Stomach
preliminary digestion
Small Intestine
digestion and absorption
Large intestine
absorption of water and minerals
Cloaca and Rectum
Expel Waste
Birds mouth
-lack teeth
-break up food in a two chambered stomach
-gizzard-muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food
Carnivore teeth
poointed teeth that lack flat grinding surfaces
Herbivore teeth
large flat teeth suited for grinding cellulose cell walls of plant tissue
Humans teeth
carnivore like teeth in the front and herbivore like teeth in the back
Saliva functions
-lubrication-moisten feed
-aids in swallowing
-starch and(or) Lipid DIgestion
What animals have amylase
-present in omnivers
-absent in carnivores
What animals have lipase
found in some nursing animals or animals on a high milk diet
The esophagus functions
-actively moves bolus through peristalsis
-swallowing center in brain stimulates succesive one-directional waves of contraction
-sphincter opens to allow food to enter stomach
do humans have a true esophageal sphincter
no
Gastric (exoctine cells)
-seromucous
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
chief cells
Parietal cells functions
-secrete HCL and intrinsci factor (for b12 absorption)
Chief Cells function
secrete gastric enzyme precursers like pepsinogen
Endocrine cells in the stomach
secrtete somatostatin and histamine
Gastric Digestion Function
controlled release of digesta to SI
mixing and mechanical breakdown
hydrolytic digestion-acid and enzymes
-kill bacteria
-hormone production
-glycoprotein/IF-needed for vit b12 absorption
Young animal digestion
-do not secret pepsinogen
-secrete chymosin
-milk clot necessary to kepp immature SI from being overloaded
-HCL secretion is lower (pH=3-5)
-allows colonization of intestine with bacteria
-acidfiers to avoid pathogens
Small Intestine Villi
each villus lined by enterocytes continulously formed
-enterocutes extruded into intestinal lumen
MFN or en
Large Intestine Function
-water and electrolyte absorption
-secretion of some minerals
-bacterial fermentation
Avians crop
-mostly functions as food storage
-some microbial digestion
-mucus from esophagus aids in movement of feed to the crop
-some birds ‘milk’ is produced wehich consists of lipid rich epithelia cells
Avians proventriculus
-stomach
-release of HCL and pepsin
Ingesta passes through very quickly
Gizzard Ventriculus
-muscular area with a hardened lining reduces particle size
-muscular contraction every 20-30 seconds
-incukdes actions of grit
AVian ceca and large intestine
-contains tow ceca instead of one
-large intestine is very short and empties to cloaca
-water reabsorption
fiber fermentation by bacteria
h2o soluble vitamion syntesis by bacteria
Who has longer gi tract terrestrial carnovpres or ominvers or herbivores
omnivores and herbivores
Carnivorus marine mammals gi tract
large
high metabolic rate and very large small intestine
What type of animal is panda
carnivore
What type of animal is manatee
hetrbiovores
