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ANS 230 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Waters importance in animal nutrition

A

-essential to life
-dissolves salts and hydrophilic organic molecules
-solvent in all biochemical reaction
-adequate volume necessary to maintain intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of all nutrients within physiological ranges
-maintains osmo-equilobrium in all animals
-maitains acid-base balance

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2
Q

Are water molecules polar

A

YES! it allows for a movement of solutes

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3
Q

Is water a good solvent

A

YES! it has an unique ability to disdolve polar and ionic substances making it possible for transporting nutrients.

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4
Q

Why is water’s high specific heat helpful

A

It has a high one! Since it takes a lot of energy to raise thetemperature of a certain amount of water to a specific degree it helps with regulating temperature.

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5
Q

How does waters high heat of vaporization benefit the animal

A

It helps them cool off, Since sweat os mostly water, the evaporating water absorbes excess body heat which is released into the atmosphere. This is call evaporative cooling.

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6
Q

What do effects do water’s adhesion and cohesion properties do

A

the cohesion properties allow for the surface to resist rupture when under stress and adhesion allows it to stick to substance besides itself (cell membrane)

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7
Q

Water’s density

A

It is more dense in a liquid state than a solid state. This allows for only the top layer of water to freeze but the water underneath to still be liquid which is important for aquatic animals

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8
Q

Intracellular water

A

Intracellular water is about 50% of BW

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9
Q

Interstital water

A

about 15% of body weight

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10
Q

Plasma Water

A

about 5% of body weight

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11
Q

Aquaporins

A

-indpendent of temp so allows for water to move actoss the membrane much faster

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12
Q

How to prevent animals from intaking to much water

A

-Animals will regulate their own water intake so its important to give free-choice water

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13
Q

Feed water as a source of water

A

-can be highly variable
-grains=9-30%

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14
Q

Forages as a source of water

A

-Hay <5%
-Silage 65-75%
-Pasture >90%

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15
Q

Metabolic Water

A

-comes from the oxidation of nutrients
-carbs-55g
-protein-42g
-fat-110g

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16
Q

Water loss in urine

A

releases salts, urea (mammals). other waste products
-accounts for 75-85% of total loss

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17
Q

Water loss in feces

A

-variable based on animals
-cows lose alot more water than sheep

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18
Q

Water loss from sweat

A

-high in horses
-low in chcoken and dogs since they have poorly developed sweat glands

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19
Q

Water loss from milk

A

milk has a very high water content so lactating animals lose a lot of water

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20
Q

When can fecal water loss increase

A

with undigested feed

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21
Q

When can water loss in urine increase

A

an increase in glucose, ketones and urea

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22
Q

When can water loss from sweat increase

A

higher ambient temperature

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23
Q

Water turnover in ruminants

A

body water turnover is about 7 days. Since they have more capacity they have less turnover

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24
Q

Water turnover in non ruminants

A

nonruminants have a more rapid turnover due to less water in the GIT. This means they must consume water more rapidly

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25
Q

Heterotherms

A

constant body temperature, except periods when temperature can vary (hibernation torpor)

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26
Q

How can camels go so long without water

A

-they get metabolic water in fat from hump
-they have eliptical RBS and makes a more viscous blood water barrier
-low urine and feces output
-low evaporative water loss

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27
Q

Thorny devil

A

the skin pulls water from moist grains against gravity and into its mouth, the water from the skin then ends up in the mouth

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28
Q

What does pH stand for

A

potential of hydrogen

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29
Q

What does physiological pH show

A

it quantifies the balance of acids and bases in the body

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30
Q

What does pH play in digestion

A

It affect assimilation and functionality

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31
Q

What happens if there is a large concentration of hydrogen ions

A

may kill by binding to proteins in cells and changing their charge, shape, and function.

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32
Q

ACIDEMIA

A

PH between 7.0 and 7.4
hydrogen ion concentration 320-40

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33
Q

ALKALEMIA

A

PH between 7.5 and 8.0

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34
Q

What point is essential for cells and normal metabolism

A

Ph between 7.4 and 7.5

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35
Q

Two importances of the pH log function

A

-As hydronium ion concentration increases then pH decease
-Non linear relationship which is a curve rather than a straight line

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36
Q

CO2 removal

A

-dissolve and diffuse into the blood (~10%)
-Bicarbonate (~70%)-dissolved/diffused
-RBC (~20%)

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37
Q

What are constantly produced by cell during metabolism

A

Co2 and H+

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38
Q

What is the first line of defense when it comes to troubleshooting

A

pH

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39
Q

How does the animal maintain pH

A

-Through a bicarbonate reaction

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40
Q

What happens if there is too much CO2

A

it is blown off by the lungs
-faster response

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41
Q

What happens if there is too much HCO3

A

excreted by the kindness
-slower response

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42
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

-Carboxyl and amine group
-If hydrogen ions are not at the recommended pathway and it will cause a tremendous amount of disfunction.

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43
Q

UTI

A

alkaline pH (urease producing bacteria that convert urea to ammonia)

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44
Q

High Protein Diet on Urine pH

A

low pH

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45
Q

Plants and fiber diet on pH

A

high pH

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46
Q

Milk diet on pH

A

acidic urine

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47
Q

Glucosuria

A

when glucose levels exceed renal thereshold
phyperglycemia from stress
diabetes mellitus

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48
Q

Ketones

A

-present at low levels
-indficative of chift from CHO to lipid metabolism

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49
Q

Acetoocetic Acid

A

what pH kits are typically testing for.

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50
Q

Cattle pH

A

7.0-8.4

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51
Q

Sheep pH

A

7.5-8.5

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52
Q

Goat pH

A

7.5-8.5

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53
Q

Horse pH

A

7.6-9.0

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54
Q

Dog pH

A

5.5-7.0

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55
Q

Cat pH

A

5.0-7.0

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56
Q

Rabbit pH

A

8.2

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57
Q

Human ph

A

4.6-8.0

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58
Q

In what locations to a H+ remains free cause a high concentration need

A

the lumen of the stomach

59
Q

HCL in da stomach

A

HCL dissociates completly in aquous solutions and there are no buffers in gastric fluid.

60
Q

H+ and protein digestion

A

a very high H+ concentration is needed to initiate the digestion of preteins. H+ bind avidly with ingested proteins.
Proteins become + charged which alters their shape so that pepsin can now hydrolyze that protein

61
Q

Rumen pH

A

-want to maintain a pH within 6-6.5
-helps fibers digesting microbes
-starch digesters are amalolytics

62
Q

Alanine transaminase

A

ALT of ALAT transfers an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming pyruvate and glutamate

63
Q

Aspartate transaminase (AST or ASAT)

A

transfers an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketoglurate, forming oxaloacerate and glutamate

64
Q

Deamination

A

the process through which amino groups are stripped from AAs, release free cytotoxic ammonia: ammonia-> ammonium-> urea or uric acid via the urea cycle in the liver

65
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

-oxidation turns the amino group into an imino group
-Water is added to the amino group, converting it to an alpha-keto group, releasing ammonia

66
Q

Decarboxylation

A

-clevage of a carbonyl group from AA, releasing CO2
-catalyzed by the enzyme decarboxylase

-resulting amines fufill important functions in the body-biogenic amines

67
Q

What are some things formed in decarboxylation

A

-Histadine to histamie
-Glutamine acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid
-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine to dopamine

68
Q

Anaplerotic reactions

A

chemical reactions that form intermediates of metabolic pathways

69
Q

Gliucogenic AAs pathways

A

gluconeogenesis intermediates

70
Q

Ketogenic AAs Pathways

A

ketogenesis intermediates

71
Q

Glucogenic and ketogenic AAs

A

both pathaways

72
Q

How to assess protein quality

A

-amino acid profile
-digestility and availability relative requirements
-chemical analysis of dietary requirements AA
-Biological evaluation

73
Q

Protein Digestibilty

A

dietary AA available after digestion and absorption

74
Q

BV (Biological Value)

A

-measure of efficency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein
-fraction of absorbed N retained in the body for maintance and growth

75
Q

PER (protein efficency ratio)

A

-gain in BW per g of dietary protein or N consumed

76
Q

NPU or NPV (net protein utilization/value

A

-similar to BV but expressed as fraction of total N retained in the body

77
Q

BV equation.

A

[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)}/ [NI-(FN-MFN)]*100

78
Q

NPV

A

[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]/NI*100

79
Q

N absorbed

A

[NI-(FN-MFN)

80
Q

N retained

A

[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]

81
Q

NI

A

Nitrogen intake

82
Q

FN

A

Fecal N

83
Q

MFN

A

Metabolic FN

84
Q

UN

A

Urinary N

85
Q

EUN

A

Endogenus UN

86
Q

Nitrogen Balance

A

the traditional method of determining dietary AA/protein requirements. All N inputs and losses are collected to ensure that all N exchange is accounted for

87
Q

First Law of thermodynamics

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

88
Q

Seconf law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy always increases
-no transformation of energy us 100% efficient
-the inefficences are lost as heat

89
Q

What does theory of relativity show with nutrition

A

equivalence between mass and energy i.e. we can convert measures of mass (pounds) to measures of energy (calories)

90
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

measures heat production directly

91
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Estimates heat produced indirectly from
-oxygen consumption
-carbon dioxide production
-ratio of CO2 to O2 (RQ)

92
Q

Energy Definition

A

-The capacity to do work
-Feed provides chemical energy
-Cells convert chemical energy into mechanical, electrical or heat energy.
->50% of feed energy used for BM

93
Q

BMR

A

the energy required to sustain bodily functions

94
Q

Gross Energy

A

-Energy released as heat when substrate is fully oxidized (heat of combustion)
-Measured in Bomb calorimeter
-Heat produced is independent of chemical pathway

95
Q

Gross Energy in carbohydrates

A

oxidation of 1g of carbs yields 4 kcal

96
Q

Gross Energy in protein

A

yields 4 kcal

97
Q

Gross Energy in fat

A

Oxidation of 1g of fat yields 9 kcal

98
Q

Digestible Energy

A

energy consumed minus fecal loss,

99
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

energy consumed minus fecal loss urine energy, gaseous energy,

100
Q

Net Energy

A

energy consumed mines fecal loss, urine energy, gaseous energy, fermentation energy and nutrient metabolism

101
Q

Heat Increment

A

-None of the processes run at 100%
-heat lost at every step
-HI energy given off as heat during digestion and metabolism above maintence
-Represents the inefficeny of energy use

102
Q

Four sources of heat increment

A

-digestion
-fermentation
-waste product formation
-Nutrient Metabolsim

103
Q

Total Heat Production as an Indicator of Energy Expenditure

A

Heat is produced via:
-basal metabolism
-GI microbes
-HI of feeding

104
Q

Colubus Monkey

A

Forgut fermenter
The monkey has to stomach compartments which allows it to extrat more enrgy from fiber and survive on a more fibrous diet

105
Q

Are cows hind-gut or foregut fermenters

A

foregut fermenters

106
Q

Are horses hindgut or foregut fermenters

A

hindgut fermenters

107
Q

Human micropiome

A

100 trilluon cells

108
Q

Ranks in intestines based on microbe concetrtion from least to most

A

Stomach
duodenum
illeum
colon

109
Q

What do microbes impact

A

-diet selection
-form of nutrient supply
-animal health

110
Q

SCFA source of energy contribution from most to least

A

gorilla
cows
sheep
pony
rabbit
pig
human

111
Q

Gastric Capacity and structure

A

-capacity is greatest in pregastric fermenters
-small stomach in carnivores-nutrient density of the diet important
-distribution and composition of epithelia lining varies between species and dietary adaptations

112
Q

Small intesitine length and function

A

-less variable among species than stomach and hind gut, but generally shorter in carnivores than herbivores

113
Q

Large Intestine Length and function

A

-importance of hind gut fermentation dictates variation in structure and size
-some hindgut fermentation occurs in most species

114
Q

Veretebe mouth and pharynx

A

entry

115
Q

Esophagus mouth and pharynx

A

delivers food to the stomach

116
Q

Stomach

A

preliminary digestion

117
Q

Small Intestine

A

digestion and absorption

118
Q

Large intestine

A

absorption of water and minerals

119
Q

Cloaca and Rectum

A

Expel Waste

120
Q

Birds mouth

A

-lack teeth
-break up food in a two chambered stomach
-gizzard-muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food

121
Q

Carnivore teeth

A

poointed teeth that lack flat grinding surfaces

122
Q

Herbivore teeth

A

large flat teeth suited for grinding cellulose cell walls of plant tissue

123
Q

Humans teeth

A

carnivore like teeth in the front and herbivore like teeth in the back

124
Q

Saliva functions

A

-lubrication-moisten feed
-aids in swallowing
-starch and(or) Lipid DIgestion

125
Q

What animals have amylase

A

-present in omnivers
-absent in carnivores

126
Q

What animals have lipase

A

found in some nursing animals or animals on a high milk diet

127
Q

The esophagus functions

A

-actively moves bolus through peristalsis
-swallowing center in brain stimulates succesive one-directional waves of contraction
-sphincter opens to allow food to enter stomach

128
Q

do humans have a true esophageal sphincter

A

no

129
Q

Gastric (exoctine cells)

A

-seromucous
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
chief cells

130
Q

Parietal cells functions

A

-secrete HCL and intrinsci factor (for b12 absorption)

131
Q

Chief Cells function

A

secrete gastric enzyme precursers like pepsinogen

132
Q

Endocrine cells in the stomach

A

secrtete somatostatin and histamine

133
Q

Gastric Digestion Function

A

controlled release of digesta to SI
mixing and mechanical breakdown
hydrolytic digestion-acid and enzymes
-kill bacteria
-hormone production
-glycoprotein/IF-needed for vit b12 absorption

134
Q

Young animal digestion

A

-do not secret pepsinogen
-secrete chymosin
-milk clot necessary to kepp immature SI from being overloaded
-HCL secretion is lower (pH=3-5)
-allows colonization of intestine with bacteria
-acidfiers to avoid pathogens

135
Q

Small Intestine Villi

A

each villus lined by enterocytes continulously formed
-enterocutes extruded into intestinal lumen
MFN or en

136
Q

Large Intestine Function

A

-water and electrolyte absorption
-secretion of some minerals
-bacterial fermentation

137
Q

Avians crop

A

-mostly functions as food storage
-some microbial digestion
-mucus from esophagus aids in movement of feed to the crop
-some birds ‘milk’ is produced wehich consists of lipid rich epithelia cells

138
Q

Avians proventriculus

A

-stomach
-release of HCL and pepsin
Ingesta passes through very quickly

139
Q

Gizzard Ventriculus

A

-muscular area with a hardened lining reduces particle size
-muscular contraction every 20-30 seconds
-incukdes actions of grit

140
Q

AVian ceca and large intestine

A

-contains tow ceca instead of one
-large intestine is very short and empties to cloaca
-water reabsorption
fiber fermentation by bacteria
h2o soluble vitamion syntesis by bacteria

141
Q

Who has longer gi tract terrestrial carnovpres or ominvers or herbivores

A

omnivores and herbivores

142
Q

Carnivorus marine mammals gi tract

A

large
high metabolic rate and very large small intestine

143
Q

What type of animal is panda

A

carnivore

144
Q

What type of animal is manatee

A

hetrbiovores

ANS 230 (6 decks)

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