Exam 3 Flashcards
Waters importance in animal nutrition
-essential to life
-dissolves salts and hydrophilic organic molecules
-solvent in all biochemical reaction
-adequate volume necessary to maintain intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of all nutrients within physiological ranges
-maintains osmo-equilobrium in all animals
-maitains acid-base balance
Are water molecules polar
YES! it allows for a movement of solutes
Is water a good solvent
YES! it has an unique ability to disdolve polar and ionic substances making it possible for transporting nutrients.
Why is water’s high specific heat helpful
It has a high one! Since it takes a lot of energy to raise thetemperature of a certain amount of water to a specific degree it helps with regulating temperature.
How does waters high heat of vaporization benefit the animal
It helps them cool off, Since sweat os mostly water, the evaporating water absorbes excess body heat which is released into the atmosphere. This is call evaporative cooling.
What do effects do water’s adhesion and cohesion properties do
the cohesion properties allow for the surface to resist rupture when under stress and adhesion allows it to stick to substance besides itself (cell membrane)
Water’s density
It is more dense in a liquid state than a solid state. This allows for only the top layer of water to freeze but the water underneath to still be liquid which is important for aquatic animals
Intracellular water
Intracellular water is about 50% of BW
Interstital water
about 15% of body weight
Plasma Water
about 5% of body weight
Aquaporins
-indpendent of temp so allows for water to move actoss the membrane much faster
How to prevent animals from intaking to much water
-Animals will regulate their own water intake so its important to give free-choice water
Feed water as a source of water
-can be highly variable
-grains=9-30%
Forages as a source of water
-Hay <5%
-Silage 65-75%
-Pasture >90%
Metabolic Water
-comes from the oxidation of nutrients
-carbs-55g
-protein-42g
-fat-110g
Water loss in urine
releases salts, urea (mammals). other waste products
-accounts for 75-85% of total loss
Water loss in feces
-variable based on animals
-cows lose alot more water than sheep
Water loss from sweat
-high in horses
-low in chcoken and dogs since they have poorly developed sweat glands
Water loss from milk
milk has a very high water content so lactating animals lose a lot of water
When can fecal water loss increase
with undigested feed
When can water loss in urine increase
an increase in glucose, ketones and urea
When can water loss from sweat increase
higher ambient temperature
Water turnover in ruminants
body water turnover is about 7 days. Since they have more capacity they have less turnover
Water turnover in non ruminants
nonruminants have a more rapid turnover due to less water in the GIT. This means they must consume water more rapidly
Heterotherms
constant body temperature, except periods when temperature can vary (hibernation torpor)
How can camels go so long without water
-they get metabolic water in fat from hump
-they have eliptical RBS and makes a more viscous blood water barrier
-low urine and feces output
-low evaporative water loss
Thorny devil
the skin pulls water from moist grains against gravity and into its mouth, the water from the skin then ends up in the mouth
What does pH stand for
potential of hydrogen
What does physiological pH show
it quantifies the balance of acids and bases in the body
What does pH play in digestion
It affect assimilation and functionality
What happens if there is a large concentration of hydrogen ions
may kill by binding to proteins in cells and changing their charge, shape, and function.
ACIDEMIA
PH between 7.0 and 7.4
hydrogen ion concentration 320-40
ALKALEMIA
PH between 7.5 and 8.0
What point is essential for cells and normal metabolism
Ph between 7.4 and 7.5
Two importances of the pH log function
-As hydronium ion concentration increases then pH decease
-Non linear relationship which is a curve rather than a straight line
CO2 removal
-dissolve and diffuse into the blood (~10%)
-Bicarbonate (~70%)-dissolved/diffused
-RBC (~20%)
What are constantly produced by cell during metabolism
Co2 and H+
What is the first line of defense when it comes to troubleshooting
pH
How does the animal maintain pH
-Through a bicarbonate reaction
What happens if there is too much CO2
it is blown off by the lungs
-faster response
What happens if there is too much HCO3
excreted by the kindness
-slower response
Protein Buffer System
-Carboxyl and amine group
-If hydrogen ions are not at the recommended pathway and it will cause a tremendous amount of disfunction.
UTI
alkaline pH (urease producing bacteria that convert urea to ammonia)
High Protein Diet on Urine pH
low pH
Plants and fiber diet on pH
high pH
Milk diet on pH
acidic urine
Glucosuria
when glucose levels exceed renal thereshold
phyperglycemia from stress
diabetes mellitus
Ketones
-present at low levels
-indficative of chift from CHO to lipid metabolism
Acetoocetic Acid
what pH kits are typically testing for.
Cattle pH
7.0-8.4
Sheep pH
7.5-8.5
Goat pH
7.5-8.5
Horse pH
7.6-9.0
Dog pH
5.5-7.0
Cat pH
5.0-7.0
Rabbit pH
8.2
Human ph
4.6-8.0
