Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Waters importance in animal nutrition
A
-essential to life
-dissolves salts and hydrophilic organic molecules
-solvent in all biochemical reaction
-adequate volume necessary to maintain intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of all nutrients within physiological ranges
-maintains osmo-equilobrium in all animals
-maitains acid-base balance
2
Q
Are water molecules polar
A
YES! it allows for a movement of solutes
3
Q
Is water a good solvent
A
YES! it has an unique ability to disdolve polar and ionic substances making it possible for transporting nutrients.
4
Q
Why is water’s high specific heat helpful
A
It has a high one! Since it takes a lot of energy to raise thetemperature of a certain amount of water to a specific degree it helps with regulating temperature.
5
Q
How does waters high heat of vaporization benefit the animal
A
It helps them cool off, Since sweat os mostly water, the evaporating water absorbes excess body heat which is released into the atmosphere. This is call evaporative cooling.
6
Q
What do effects do water’s adhesion and cohesion properties do
A
the cohesion properties allow for the surface to resist rupture when under stress and adhesion allows it to stick to substance besides itself (cell membrane)
7
Q
Water’s density
A
It is more dense in a liquid state than a solid state. This allows for only the top layer of water to freeze but the water underneath to still be liquid which is important for aquatic animals
8
Q
Intracellular water
A
Intracellular water is about 50% of BW
9
Q
Interstital water
A
about 15% of body weight
10
Q
Plasma Water
A
about 5% of body weight
11
Q
Aquaporins
A
-indpendent of temp so allows for water to move actoss the membrane much faster
12
Q
How to prevent animals from intaking to much water
A
-Animals will regulate their own water intake so its important to give free-choice water
13
Q
Feed water as a source of water
A
-can be highly variable
-grains=9-30%
14
Q
Forages as a source of water
A
-Hay <5%
-Silage 65-75%
-Pasture >90%
15
Q
Metabolic Water
A
-comes from the oxidation of nutrients
-carbs-55g
-protein-42g
-fat-110g
16
Q
Water loss in urine
A
releases salts, urea (mammals). other waste products
-accounts for 75-85% of total loss
17
Q
Water loss in feces
A
-variable based on animals
-cows lose alot more water than sheep
18
Q
Water loss from sweat
A
-high in horses
-low in chcoken and dogs since they have poorly developed sweat glands
19
Q
Water loss from milk
A
milk has a very high water content so lactating animals lose a lot of water
20
Q
When can fecal water loss increase
A
with undigested feed
21
Q
When can water loss in urine increase
A
an increase in glucose, ketones and urea
22
Q
When can water loss from sweat increase
A
higher ambient temperature
23
Q
Water turnover in ruminants
A
body water turnover is about 7 days. Since they have more capacity they have less turnover
24
Q
Water turnover in non ruminants
A
nonruminants have a more rapid turnover due to less water in the GIT. This means they must consume water more rapidly
25
Heterotherms
constant body temperature, except periods when temperature can vary (hibernation torpor)
26
How can camels go so long without water
-they get metabolic water in fat from hump
-they have eliptical RBS and makes a more viscous blood water barrier
-low urine and feces output
-low evaporative water loss
27
Thorny devil
the skin pulls water from moist grains against gravity and into its mouth, the water from the skin then ends up in the mouth
28
What does pH stand for
potential of hydrogen
29
What does physiological pH show
it quantifies the balance of acids and bases in the body
30
What does pH play in digestion
It affect assimilation and functionality
31
What happens if there is a large concentration of hydrogen ions
may kill by binding to proteins in cells and changing their charge, shape, and function.
32
ACIDEMIA
PH between 7.0 and 7.4
hydrogen ion concentration 320-40
33
ALKALEMIA
PH between 7.5 and 8.0
34
What point is essential for cells and normal metabolism
Ph between 7.4 and 7.5
35
Two importances of the pH log function
-As hydronium ion concentration increases then pH decease
-Non linear relationship which is a curve rather than a straight line
36
CO2 removal
-dissolve and diffuse into the blood (~10%)
-Bicarbonate (~70%)-dissolved/diffused
-RBC (~20%)
37
What are constantly produced by cell during metabolism
Co2 and H+
38
What is the first line of defense when it comes to troubleshooting
pH
39
How does the animal maintain pH
-Through a bicarbonate reaction
40
What happens if there is too much CO2
it is blown off by the lungs
-faster response
41
What happens if there is too much HCO3
excreted by the kindness
-slower response
42
Protein Buffer System
-Carboxyl and amine group
-If hydrogen ions are not at the recommended pathway and it will cause a tremendous amount of disfunction.
43
UTI
alkaline pH (urease producing bacteria that convert urea to ammonia)
44
High Protein Diet on Urine pH
low pH
45
Plants and fiber diet on pH
high pH
46
Milk diet on pH
acidic urine
47
Glucosuria
when glucose levels exceed renal thereshold
phyperglycemia from stress
diabetes mellitus
48
Ketones
-present at low levels
-indficative of chift from CHO to lipid metabolism
49
Acetoocetic Acid
what pH kits are typically testing for.
50
Cattle pH
7.0-8.4
51
Sheep pH
7.5-8.5
52
Goat pH
7.5-8.5
53
Horse pH
7.6-9.0
54
Dog pH
5.5-7.0
55
Cat pH
5.0-7.0
56
Rabbit pH
8.2
57
Human ph
4.6-8.0
58
In what locations to a H+ remains free cause a high concentration need
the lumen of the stomach
59
HCL in da stomach
HCL dissociates completly in aquous solutions and there are no buffers in gastric fluid.
60
H+ and protein digestion
a very high H+ concentration is needed to initiate the digestion of preteins. H+ bind avidly with ingested proteins.
Proteins become + charged which alters their shape so that pepsin can now hydrolyze that protein
61
Rumen pH
-want to maintain a pH within 6-6.5
-helps fibers digesting microbes
-starch digesters are amalolytics
62
Alanine transaminase
ALT of ALAT transfers an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming pyruvate and glutamate
63
Aspartate transaminase (AST or ASAT)
transfers an amino group from aspartate to alpha-ketoglurate, forming oxaloacerate and glutamate
64
Deamination
the process through which amino groups are stripped from AAs, release free cytotoxic ammonia: ammonia-> ammonium-> urea or uric acid via the urea cycle in the liver
65
Oxidative deamination
-oxidation turns the amino group into an imino group
-Water is added to the amino group, converting it to an alpha-keto group, releasing ammonia
66
Decarboxylation
-clevage of a carbonyl group from AA, releasing CO2
-catalyzed by the enzyme decarboxylase
-resulting amines fufill important functions in the body-biogenic amines
67
What are some things formed in decarboxylation
-Histadine to histamie
-Glutamine acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid
-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine to dopamine
68
Anaplerotic reactions
chemical reactions that form intermediates of metabolic pathways
69
Gliucogenic AAs pathways
gluconeogenesis intermediates
70
Ketogenic AAs Pathways
ketogenesis intermediates
71
Glucogenic and ketogenic AAs
both pathaways
72
How to assess protein quality
-amino acid profile
-digestility and availability relative requirements
-chemical analysis of dietary requirements AA
-Biological evaluation
73
Protein Digestibilty
dietary AA available after digestion and absorption
74
BV (Biological Value)
-measure of efficency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein
-fraction of absorbed N retained in the body for maintance and growth
75
PER (protein efficency ratio)
-gain in BW per g of dietary protein or N consumed
76
NPU or NPV (net protein utilization/value
-similar to BV but expressed as fraction of total N retained in the body
77
BV equation.
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)}/ [NI-(FN-MFN)]*100
78
NPV
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]/NI*100
79
N absorbed
[NI-(FN-MFN)
80
N retained
[NI-(FN-MFN)-(UN-EUN)]
81
NI
Nitrogen intake
82
FN
Fecal N
83
MFN
Metabolic FN
84
UN
Urinary N
85
EUN
Endogenus UN
86
Nitrogen Balance
the traditional method of determining dietary AA/protein requirements. All N inputs and losses are collected to ensure that all N exchange is accounted for
87
First Law of thermodynamics
energy can neither be created nor destroyed
88
Seconf law of thermodynamics
Entropy always increases
-no transformation of energy us 100% efficient
-the inefficences are lost as heat
89
What does theory of relativity show with nutrition
equivalence between mass and energy i.e. we can convert measures of mass (pounds) to measures of energy (calories)
90
Direct calorimetry
measures heat production directly
91
Indirect calorimetry
Estimates heat produced indirectly from
-oxygen consumption
-carbon dioxide production
-ratio of CO2 to O2 (RQ)
92
Energy Definition
-The capacity to do work
-Feed provides chemical energy
-Cells convert chemical energy into mechanical, electrical or heat energy.
->50% of feed energy used for BM
93
BMR
the energy required to sustain bodily functions
94
Gross Energy
-Energy released as heat when substrate is fully oxidized (heat of combustion)
-Measured in Bomb calorimeter
-Heat produced is independent of chemical pathway
95
Gross Energy in carbohydrates
oxidation of 1g of carbs yields 4 kcal
96
Gross Energy in protein
yields 4 kcal
97
Gross Energy in fat
Oxidation of 1g of fat yields 9 kcal
98
Digestible Energy
energy consumed minus fecal loss,
99
Metabolizable energy
energy consumed minus fecal loss urine energy, gaseous energy,
100
Net Energy
energy consumed mines fecal loss, urine energy, gaseous energy, fermentation energy and nutrient metabolism
101
Heat Increment
-None of the processes run at 100%
-heat lost at every step
-HI energy given off as heat during digestion and metabolism above maintence
-Represents the inefficeny of energy use
102
Four sources of heat increment
-digestion
-fermentation
-waste product formation
-Nutrient Metabolsim
103
Total Heat Production as an Indicator of Energy Expenditure
Heat is produced via:
-basal metabolism
-GI microbes
-HI of feeding
104
Colubus Monkey
Forgut fermenter
The monkey has to stomach compartments which allows it to extrat more enrgy from fiber and survive on a more fibrous diet
105
Are cows hind-gut or foregut fermenters
foregut fermenters
106
Are horses hindgut or foregut fermenters
hindgut fermenters
107
Human micropiome
100 trilluon cells
108
Ranks in intestines based on microbe concetrtion from least to most
Stomach
duodenum
illeum
colon
109
What do microbes impact
-diet selection
-form of nutrient supply
-animal health
110
SCFA source of energy contribution from most to least
gorilla
cows
sheep
pony
rabbit
pig
human
111
Gastric Capacity and structure
-capacity is greatest in pregastric fermenters
-small stomach in carnivores-nutrient density of the diet important
-distribution and composition of epithelia lining varies between species and dietary adaptations
112
Small intesitine length and function
-less variable among species than stomach and hind gut, but generally shorter in carnivores than herbivores
113
Large Intestine Length and function
-importance of hind gut fermentation dictates variation in structure and size
-some hindgut fermentation occurs in most species
114
Veretebe mouth and pharynx
entry
115
Esophagus mouth and pharynx
delivers food to the stomach
116
Stomach
preliminary digestion
117
Small Intestine
digestion and absorption
118
Large intestine
absorption of water and minerals
119
Cloaca and Rectum
Expel Waste
120
Birds mouth
-lack teeth
-break up food in a two chambered stomach
-gizzard-muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food
121
Carnivore teeth
poointed teeth that lack flat grinding surfaces
122
Herbivore teeth
large flat teeth suited for grinding cellulose cell walls of plant tissue
123
Humans teeth
carnivore like teeth in the front and herbivore like teeth in the back
124
Saliva functions
-lubrication-moisten feed
-aids in swallowing
-starch and(or) Lipid DIgestion
125
What animals have amylase
-present in omnivers
-absent in carnivores
126
What animals have lipase
found in some nursing animals or animals on a high milk diet
127
The esophagus functions
-actively moves bolus through peristalsis
-swallowing center in brain stimulates succesive one-directional waves of contraction
-sphincter opens to allow food to enter stomach
128
do humans have a true esophageal sphincter
no
129
Gastric (exoctine cells)
-seromucous
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
chief cells
130
Parietal cells functions
-secrete HCL and intrinsci factor (for b12 absorption)
131
Chief Cells function
secrete gastric enzyme precursers like pepsinogen
132
Endocrine cells in the stomach
secrtete somatostatin and histamine
133
Gastric Digestion Function
controlled release of digesta to SI
mixing and mechanical breakdown
hydrolytic digestion-acid and enzymes
-kill bacteria
-hormone production
-glycoprotein/IF-needed for vit b12 absorption
134
Young animal digestion
-do not secret pepsinogen
-secrete chymosin
-milk clot necessary to kepp immature SI from being overloaded
-HCL secretion is lower (pH=3-5)
-allows colonization of intestine with bacteria
-acidfiers to avoid pathogens
135
Small Intestine Villi
each villus lined by enterocytes continulously formed
-enterocutes extruded into intestinal lumen
MFN or en
136
Large Intestine Function
-water and electrolyte absorption
-secretion of some minerals
-bacterial fermentation
137
Avians crop
-mostly functions as food storage
-some microbial digestion
-mucus from esophagus aids in movement of feed to the crop
-some birds 'milk' is produced wehich consists of lipid rich epithelia cells
138
Avians proventriculus
-stomach
-release of HCL and pepsin
Ingesta passes through very quickly
139
Gizzard Ventriculus
-muscular area with a hardened lining reduces particle size
-muscular contraction every 20-30 seconds
-incukdes actions of grit
140
AVian ceca and large intestine
-contains tow ceca instead of one
-large intestine is very short and empties to cloaca
-water reabsorption
fiber fermentation by bacteria
h2o soluble vitamion syntesis by bacteria
141
Who has longer gi tract terrestrial carnovpres or ominvers or herbivores
omnivores and herbivores
142
Carnivorus marine mammals gi tract
large
high metabolic rate and very large small intestine
143
What type of animal is panda
carnivore
144
What type of animal is manatee
hetrbiovores
