Nutrition Final Flashcards
Energy feeds
Starches and fats
§< 20% CP, <18% CF or < 35% CW §may be ensiled
§Carbonaceous
Energy feeds examples
All cereal grains & sorghums
o By product feeds ü Bran
ü Middlings ü Cobs
ü Molasses
Protein supplements
≥ 20% CP
Protein supplements of plant origin
üSoybean Meal
üCottonseed Meal
üCorn Gluten Meal
üBrewer’s Dried Grains
Protein supplement of animal origin
-meat and bone meal
-fish meal
-whey protein
-poultry meal
Fibourous feeds
-Dry forages and roughages
Fresh, dried or ensiled
Ø Includes the leaves, stems and stalks
Ø Used to describe the whole plant
Ø Pasture, hay and silage
Ø Low in energy (per unit weight) due to high CW
Pasture
Pasture
* Must be fenced
* Used while actively growing
* Harvested by livestock
Silage
- Ensiledforage * Corn,Alfalfa,
Grass
Hay dm percentage
82-85%DM
High mosuture silage dm percentage
≤ 30% DM
Medium Moisture silage DM percentage
30 – 40% DM
Low-moisture silage (haylage, baleage, wilted) dm percentage
40-60%
Dry forage objectives
Reduce moisture content to 15 – 18%.
* Low moisture retards enzymatic and
microbial degradation during storage.
Mowing
Step 1
§cut hay at the right time.
§3-5 days of sunny weather.
Mower Conditioner
cuts the grass and feeds it through rubber rollers that crimp, or condition, the grass. The crimping process breaks the stalk open, allowing the moisture to better evaporate. The mower conditioner drops the grass in windrows.
Macerate
Step 2
“Super Condition”
§Crimps forage every 1/8 inch (mower crimps every 4 inches)
§Dries faster
Tedding
Step 3
Takes hay out of windrows and spreads flat
across the field.
§Allows forage to dry faster.
Raking
Step 4
Usually takes 3-4 days to dry.
§Raking moves forage back into windrows, or
to turn over the drying windrows.
§It is then ready to be picked up by the baler
Bailing
Step 5
-watch moisture content
Hauling and Stacking
Step 6
Bales are loaded onto
wagons and hauled to a storage location
Phase I of silage preservation
-celle respiration (production on co2, heat and water)
-Temp-70 degrees Fahrenheit
-pH change-6.0-6.5
-days 1-2
Phase II silage preservation
-production of acetic acid, lactic acid, ethanol
-temp-90 degrees farenheit
ph-5.0
days 2-3
Phase III silage preservation
-lactic acid formation
ph is approx 4.0
days 3-21
Phase IV silage preservation
Material storage
temp 85 fatenheig
Phase 5 of silage preservation
aerobic deteroition on re-exposure of oxygen
-temp-110+ F
-pH is 7.0
Nutrient loss in respiration
5-10%
Nutrition loss in Raking/Bailing
10-15%
Nutrient loss from storage
5-10%
Nutrition loss form feeding
5-10%
Remaining nutritients after making hay
55-70%
Forage quealitty factors
§ Palatability
- smell, feel and taste & texture
§ Nutrient content
- chemical analysis
§ Digestibility
§ Anti-quality Factors
- tannins, nitrates, alkaloids, mycotoxins
§ Animal Performance
Anti-quality factors
- tannins, nitrates, alkaloids, mycotoxins - species, time of year, environment
Animal performance forage quality
final test of forage quality
- nutrient content, digestibility and intake
As forage grow does crude protein and minerals increase or decrease
decrease
Does fiber increase or decrease as forage frowns
increase
Why does roughages have poor digestibility and nutritive value
-the cell contents include non-fibrous carbs, proteins and lipids
-the protein in forages is comprised of both true protein and NPN compounds. Protein varies by roughages
What does ether extraction produce?
Crude fat and residue
What does ther extraction residue contain
fiber
NDF
base-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
ADF
acid-cellulose and signing
ASH
miners (left over from fiber heated to 400 degrees celsius)
How is intake determined
Body weight
Nutrient Requirement*
Nutrient Concentration
Step 1 in creating a diet
Identify the kind, age, weight and function of the animal(s) for which the ration is being formulated.
Step 2 in formulating a diet
Determine the nutrient need(s) of the animal(s)
Step 3 in formulating a diet
Select the feed(s)
Match nutrient content with feed ingredient composition
Step 4 in formulating a diet
Calculate the amount of each feed ingredient to be used in the ration
How to calculate? Manual X
Feed Software
Step 5 in formulating a diet
Check the ration formulated against the needs of the animal(s)
Ration costs to be taken into account when formulation a diet
$/lb or ton
$/day
$/nutrient
How should energy feed price be compared her
compared based on the price per pound of energy (TDN, DE, ME or NE)
How should protein feeds be compared
should be compared in terms of price per pound of total protein or digestible protein
Cats diet type
carnivore
Dogs diet type
omnivores
Dogs digestive anatomy
- Stomach - Distinct proximal and distal compartment *
- Longer intestinal length:BS ratio (6:1) *
- More developed cecum *
- More time for digestion of vegetative foods *
- Lower absorptive capacity
- Lower SA:BW ratio
Cats digestive anatomy
Stomach - Uniform gastric mucosa
Shorter intestinal length
Less developed cecum
Lower intestinal length:BS ratio (4:1)
* Lower SA:BW ratio
* SI – higher absorptive capacity
* Higher SA:BW ratio
Oral digestion in cats and dogs
Dog and Cat’s saliva differs from humans – lack amylase. Dogs tend to swallow with minimal chewing.
Cats tend to select for a low starch diet.
Dogs and cats teeth
Both have 12 incisors and 4 canine
Dogs have more premolars & molars
Dogs have 42 & Cats have 30 permanent teeth
Vommiting
common in dogs. Effective defense mechanism to expel toxins from the gut.
Types of feeders dogs vs cats
Dogs are “meal” feeders. Cats tend to be “snack” feeders.
Proximal stomach in dogs
capable of expansion for temporary
storage.
Enzymatic differences in cats vs dogs
– Cats rely more on pepsin (involved in collagen digestion).
Pancreatic amalyse dogs vs cats
x higher in the dog than the cat. Hence dogs adapt to high levels of dietary starch more rapidly than cats.
Brush border enzymes dogs vs cats
Cats exhibit lower activity of the brush border enzymes. Hence cats can only tolerate starch levels up to 4 g/kg bodyweight before diarrhea results; dogs can consume up to 2.5 times that level without any side-effects.
Responsiveness in levels of carbohydraye intake in dogs vs cats
Cats are relatively unresponsive to varying levels of carbohydrate intake. Dogs are able to regulate the rate at which their small intestines absorb monosaccharides, in response to different starch levels.
Maintence energy requirements in dogs
requirements may range from 110 to ~4,000 kcal/d.
How is energy requirement determined
Energy use correlated with surface area.
Surface area per unit weight decreases with size.
Energy requirements and Metabolic BW – BW0.67-0.88
Feeding cats
Energy requirements less variable
Breed differences in cats much smaller
Weight ranges 3 – 10 kg
Growth curves consistent
Individual energy reqs may vary by 50% or more above or below average reqs.
Recommended feeding ranges on pet food labels only a ‘recommendation’
Calories needed are those that maintain optimal BW
Neutring calorie reduction
reduces the amount of calories needed by 25% in the dog and by 24-33% in the cat
Carbohydrates metabolism adaptations to carnvory
But not in Cats…….Glucokinase is virtually absent and, * Hexokinase has optimal activity at low glucose
concentrations.
* This is consistent with high protein and low carb diets.
Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in non-carnivores
Gluconeogenesis activated during fasting & starvation.
Inhibited by nutrient & hormonal signals from the gut following a meal.
Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in carnivores (cat)
Hepatic gluconeogenesis continually active.
Consistent with the need for glucose demand. Similar to ruminants.
Hypercarnivores
carnivorous mammals with
proportionately larger brains (need for glucose)
Protein metabolism linked to glucose metabolism in cats
Protein catabolism provides gluconeogenic substrates
Cats must derive EAA from diet; BUT
Cats are unable to synthesize Arginine
Cats indosyncrayic nutrition needs
-arginine
-taurine
-Vit A and D
Niacin-4x more than dogs
-Arachiodiac acid
Taurine uses
- Conjugates bile acids for proper
digestion (Other animals can use glycine as well)-
-Found almost exclusively in meat * Need ~50mg/d
feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD) - Regulate Ca flow in cells
Defincency for taurine in cats harms
Deficiency can lead to blindness
* Deficiency can cause cardiomyopathy
and death
* Deficiency can cause stillbirths, low birth weights
Why do cats have an obligatory requiremnt for vit A and D
Cats cannot cleave carotene which is first step in
conversion to retinal.
* Cat skin contains a low concentration of 7- dehydrocholesterol, precursor for vitamin D.
* Cats seem to be more tolerant to excess of both Vit A and D
Cats obligatory requirment for Niacin
-4x more than dogs
-Cats have all the enzymes for niacin synthesis from tryptophan. But activity of picolinic carboxylase is greater which promotes conversion of tryptophan to acetyl CoA.
A horses hoof is
one giant toe
hyperammonaemia
ammonia intoxication
Two essential fatty acids
linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega 3)
Why can’t cats form aradonic acid?
linoleic acid which is an essential fatty acid, is not converted to arachidonic acid because they lack this delta six desaturate enzyme.
Feline central degeneration
A taurine deficiency that leads to blindness.
How did horses lose their toe
They started with 4 toes but as their size grew they shed toes with helped with their agility speed and strength
How does the horses body mass relate to their singular toe
the
central toe became larger and more robust allowing it
to withstand greater bending forces and expend less
energy as they walked
Length of equine esophagus
4.5 feet
What type of fermenters are horses
hindgut
Size of horse stomach
8-17 quarts
Stomach function in horses
acid and enzyme digestion of protein
Small Intestine length in horses
70 feet and 48 quarts
Small intestine functions in horses
enzymatic digestion of peptides, carbs and fats and absorption of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids
Cecum size in horses
4 feet and 28-32 quarts
Cecum function in horses
cellulase (bacterial) breakdown of fibers
Colon function in horses
Absorption of VFA and amino acids, glucose and fatty acids
Large colon size in horses
80 quarts and 10-12 feet
Small Colon size in horses
10-12 feet and 13 quarts
Anus Function
Excretion of colonic bacteria
Rectum size
1 foot
Large Intestine Size
29 Feet and 130 quarts
Pelvic Flexure
a bend
in the Large Intestine that is a
common colic trouble
spot
Lactic Acidosis in horses
Starch Overload (starch flows into hindgut)
then
Increase in lactic acid in hindgut
then
sharp drop in pH
then
decrease in fibre-digesting bacteria and increase in lactate producing bacteria
then
death of bacteria and irritation and damage to the intestinal mucosa
What happens after death of bacteria in lactic acidosis in horses
release of endotoxins which then can cause laminitis, colic and ulcers
What happens after irritation and damage to the intestinal mucosa
decreased appetite
reduced feed efficency
colic symptoms
stereotypical behavior
Things that can occur from fermentation laminitis in horse
- Endotoxins
- Circulatory failure
- Ischemia
- Necrosis
Normal insulin functions in horses
Insulin secreted by pancreas to regulate glucose levels.
Insulin mobilizes absorbed glucose into tissues (liver, fat and
muscle).
Insulin in horses with obesity dependent laminitis and insulin resistance equine metabolic syndrome
Pancreas release insulin but glucose enters the tissue cells at a
much lower rate than normal.
This raises blood glucose concentration.
Animals compensate by secreting more insulin.
Major contributing factor in the development of laminitis
Why must horses recruit specific muscle groups in a precisely timed fashion
to sustain force
and speed of muscle contraction to endure
for the entire performance
How does the muscle system of the horse relate to the capacity of other systems
capacity of other
systems to deliver O2
, C6H12O6 & FFA and
remove LA
Anaerobic respiration
This is done quickly when their is a need for atp for the muscles. The muscles turn glucose into lactic acid to rapidly from ATP soreness happens when you are exerting your muscles over the ability.
Aerobic respiration
its slow but it lasts a long time and undergoes the eca cycle
Imediate response to exercis
anerobic pathway the muscle and blood has ATP Phosphocreatine ,glycogen and glucose to produce 6 ATP
Slow response to exercise
Muscle, liver and blood release glycogen, glucose and amino acids and they release 36-38 atp.
The muscle,liver blood and adipose tissue release fatty acids and triglycerides which release 140 atp
Is anaerobic respiration mostly used in sprints or marathons
sprnts
How do muscle fibers in horses vary
Contraction speed
Fatigue resistance
Oxidative capacity
Glycolytic capacity
How do horses adapt to exercise
Large glycogen stores
High respiratory capacity of skeleton muscle
Dramatic increase in Splenic contraction
Effective Thermoregulation
What are the effects of horses athletic abilities
High energy demand
High heat generation
Increased core temps
How do horses thermoregulate
Sweating
Increased Surface Blood Flow
Panting
Grain features
– high glycemic index
– increased insulin
– inhibition of lipid use
– Low pH ( lactic acid)
Forage features
– low glycemic index
– SCFA
– high pH ( lactic acid)
How can genetics cause damage to muscles
gentics
trenuos exercise
period of extended rest which stimulates glycogen formation
polysaccahride storage disease:glycogen improperly formed crystals formed in cells
Cellis damaged as crystals form
varying degrees of damage from mild to debilitant and then pain and discomfort; lameness
Azoturia
Damage to muscle due to
improper exercise followed by
inactivity
“dark urine”
Exotic
‘not native or
indigenous to owner’s locale’
Exotic animals in US households
62 million exotic animals
resided in U.S. households
in 2016 – a 25% increase
from previous 5 years
What percent of known species are invertebrates
97% of all known species
What percent of known species are vertebrates
3% of all known species
Challenges with exotic animal nutrition
Few ‘true’ experts
Animal environment – not native to their region
Experimental data on requirements
* Extrapolate
* Digestive system morphology and function
* Metabolic Body Size
Exotic animal nutrition challenges with care and visits to clinics with rabbits
– Vertebral Fracture or Luxation
- Strong hind legs but improper handling can
cause fracture or luxation (dislocation)
Exotic animal nutrition challenges with care and visits to clinics with hedgehogs
you need anesthesia to uncurl their body
Exotic animal nutrition challenges with care and visits to clinics with birds
Owl use their talons; parrots use their beaks
What [percent of exotic pet illness related to poor nutrition
90%
What was the previously recommended diet for parrots lead to
hypovitaminosis A.
How do you balance an exotic animal diet
look to zzos as they have done the most research but the nutrition and habitats vary greatly among zoos
How do we used comparative nutrition to help develop diets for exotic animals
You compare them to similar animals that we do know the diets for and compare what is the same and what is different so you can then adjust the exotic diet based on that and hopefully get closer to the baseline.
When research was done with captive giraffes on in Vitro microbial fermentation
They tested the methane production after consumption of different types of leaves and showed a lot of variable levels of methane
What did the research of gorillas on food consumed and microbiome diversity
The more fiber consumed the greater the diversity in the guts of the microbiome.
What percent of the U.S. workforce was
engaged in farming in 1800’s?
100%
What percent of the U.S. workforce was
engaged in farming in 1900’s?
30%
What percent of the U.S. workforce is
engaged in farming today?
<2%
How much must the world food supply increase by 2050
double
How much does agriculture account for global greenhouse gases emmisions
about one quarter
Rank car, bus and cows for co2 emissions per unit
cows the buses then cars
How has milk rpdocuction changed since 1980
increased
How has milk cows amount change since 1980
decreased
How has to carbon footprint per kg of milk changed since 1924
it decreased from 45.7 to 6.7 in 2007
How much CO2 do plants soak up
16% more than previosuly thought
How much carbon does photsynthesuis remove
120 gigatons per year of carbon
How much carbon does photsynthesis store in plants
610 gigatons
How can plants help with the excess carbon
since they remove and consume so much more plants can help lessen the carbon and cows eat so much grass which increases plant production
When conserving forage as silage it is most important to:
Question 1Answer
a.
Maximize oxygen penetration in the forage
b.
Promote butyric acid production
c.
Raise pH to 6.0
d.
None of the above
d.
None of the above
During the process of making hay, the forage is placed in windrows to:
Question 2Answer
a.
help preserve moisture within the forage
b.
enable the moisture to better evaporate
c.
increase moisture and preserve the forage
d.
help promote microbial activity and make better hay
b.
enable the moisture to better evaporate
Hay that is baled too wet:
Question 3Answer
a.
improves digestibility of nutrients
b.
helps in better forage storage
c.
can result in spontaneous combustion
d.
retards microbial respiration
c.
can result in spontaneous combustion
An accurate way to determine forage moisture content in the field during harvesting is:
Question 4Answer
a.
odor test
b.
moisture squeeze test
c.
koster tester
d.
AOAC Oven dry matter test
c.
koster tester
Conserved forages can take the form of hay, haylage or silage. Common principle(s) underlying high quality forage conservation include:
Question 5Answer
a.
consideration of plant growth and plant nutrient content
b.
harvesting and storage conditions to minimize nutrient loss
c.
optimizing recommended forage moisture levels
d.
All of the above
d.
All of the above
Which factor(s) determine good silage preparation:
Question 6Answer
a.
elimination of oxygen
b.
preferential growth of lactic acid bacteria
c.
lower silage pH to 4.0 or less
d.
All of the above
d.
All of the above
Plant maturity has a major impact on nutrients. As forage matures:
Question 7Answer
a.
fiber content increases
b.
protein content increases
c.
total yield decreases
d.
fiber content decreases
a.
fiber content increases
Nutrients are in their highest concentration when forage is fed as:
Question 8Answer
a.
hay
b.
silage
c.
pasture
c.
pasture
During the process of forage preservation as either hay or silage, nutrient losses are observed during:
Question 9Answer
a.
respiration
b.
raking and/or baling
c.
storage
d.
feeding
e.
all of the above
e.
all of the above
Which of the following statement is true about corn silage, alfalfa haylage and orchardgrass hay?
Question 10Answer
a.
They are all conserved forages
b.
They are all a good source of fiber
c.
They can vary in moisture content
d.
All of the above are true
d.
All of the above are true
The percentage of a nutrient on a dry matter basis is always higher than on an as fed basis.
Question 1Answer
a.
True
b.
False
a.
True
The feed intake of a dairy cow is difficult to determine and depends upon which of the following:
Question 2Answer
a.
Whether the animal is lactating or dry
b.
The level of milk production i.e. low, medium or high
c.
Whether the animal is pregnant
d.
All of the above
d.
All of the above
Acid Detergent fiber (ADF) includes:
Question 3Answer
a.
Cellulose
b.
Cellulose and lignin
c.
Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
d.
None of the above
b.
Cellulose and lignin
Which of the following is essential to know before you can begin formulating a ration to meet nutrient requirements of an animal?
Question 4Answer
a.
The amount of energy and protein required by the animal
b.
The availability and cost of the dietary ingredients.
c.
Any feed restrictions.
d.
An estimate of the daily intake by the animal
d.
An estimate of the daily intake by the animal
If you have a feed sample that contains 10%Nitrogen. What is the amount of Crude Protein (CP) percentage in that feed.
Question 5Answer
a.
6.25
b.
62.5
c.
10
d.
2
b.
62.5
Which of the following statement is true?
Question 6Answer
a.
The percentage of a nutrient is higher on a DM basis compared to AF basis
b.
When formulating diets to meet nutrient requirements of animals we do it on a DM basis
c.
The actual amounts of nutrients expressed in lb or kg are not affected when adjusting for feed moisture content.
d.
All of the above statements are true
d.
All of the above statements are true
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) includes:
Question 7Answer
a.
Sugars
b.
Starch
c.
Glycogen
d.
All of the above
d.
All of the above
When formulating a ration to meet nutrient requirements of an animal all ingredients are included on a dry matter basis.
Question 8Answer
True
False
True
Diets are formulated on a dry matter basis but fed on an as fed basis.
Question 9Answer
True
False
True
Which of the following nutrient is not organic?
Question 10Answer
a.
Carbohydrates
b.
Lipids
c.
Proteins
d.
Minerals
d.
Minerals
Unlike humans and other omnivores, cats and dogs lack this salivary enzyme:
Question 1Answer
a.
lipase
b.
protease
c.
amylase
d.
cellulase
c.
amylase
Compared to cats, dogs have more of these
Question 2Answer
a.
canine
b.
incisors
c.
premolar and molar
c.
premolar and molar
Dogs are capable of adapting to higher levels of dietary starch because they have 3 times the levels of this enzyme compared to cats:
Question 3Answer
a.
insulin
b.
hexokinase
c.
pancreatic amylase
d.
glucokinase
c.
pancreatic amylase
Dogs and cats have quite similar digestive and nutrient requirements with a few key differences. Which of the following statement is true:
Question 4Answer
a.
Cats have a high absorptive capacity for carbohydrates compared to dogs
b.
Dogs have much shorter intestinal length than cats which relates to the greater proportion of dietary fiber consumed by dogs
c.
Cats have a 4 times greater requirement for niacin than dogs
d.
Dogs require arginine in their diets but cats are capable of synthesizing arginine
c.
Cats have a 4 times greater requirement for niacin than dogs
When accounting for the energy requirements of animals we must keep in mind some key principles that include:
Question 5Answer
a.
energy use is correlated with body surface area
b.
surface area per unit weight decreases with body size
c.
energy requirements are more comparable across animals when expressed on a metabolic body weight
d.
all of the above principles are valid when formulating for energy requirements
d.
all of the above principles are valid when formulating for energy requirements
The abnormal condition that results in “dark urine” in horses is referred to as:
Question 6Answer
a.
Azoturia
b.
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
c.
Monday Morning Sickness
d.
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
e.
All of the above
e.
All of the above
Which of the following vitamin must be included in the diets of carnivores?
Question 7Answer
a.
Vitamin A
b.
Vitamin B
c.
Vitamin C
d.
Vitamin K
a.
Vitamin A
This anatomical feature in horses can be a common colic trouble spot:
Question 8Answer
a.
esophagus
b.
epiglottis
c.
pelvic flexure
d.
colon
c.
pelvic flexure
What are some factors that might contribute to the onset of colic symptoms like laminitis, in horses?
Question 9Answer
a.
Insulin resistance i.e. release of insulin does not result in adequate transport of glucose into cells thereby raising blood glucose concentration.
b.
ability and capacity of the animal to mobilize O2 and glucose from different metabolic pathways i.e. anaerobic and aerobic.
c.
variability in muscle fibers in their speed of contraction, fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity.
d.
All of the above.
d.
All of the above.
Which of the following events occur with the onset of fermentation laminitis in horses?
Question 10Answer
a.
drop in pH
b.
decrease in fiber digesting bacteria
c.
release of endotoxins
d.
all of the above
d.
all of the above
Protein quality can be estimated using several different methods. Which of the following method is used most commonly and determines the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization as a percentage of absorbed nitrogen.
Question 1Answer
a.
protein efficiency ratio (PER)
b.
net protein value (NPV)
c.
net protein utilization (NPU)
d.
biological value (BV)
d.
biological value (BV)
A bird found in South America that has foregut fermentation similar to a cow:
Question 2Answer
a.
Condor
b.
Toucan
c.
Hoatzin
d.
Pigeon
c.
Hoatzin
n birds, this region plays an important role in grinding and breaking down the feed particles:
Question 3Answer
a.
Esophagus
b.
Mouth
c.
Gizzard
d.
Abomasum
c.
Gizzard
An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g, respectively. How much N was absorbed?
Question 4Answer
a.
20g
b.
20.5g
c.
18.5g
d.
23.5g
c.
18.5g
Biological value is one measure of protein quality and is calculated by measuring N retained as a % of N absorbed.
Question 5Answer
a.
True
b.
False
true
How can some animals with hindgut fermentation benefit from microbial fermentation products?
Question 6Answer
a.
coprophagy
b.
theophagy
c.
hypotrophy
d.
polyphag
a.
coprophagy
In horses, this band of tissue separates the non-glandular from the glandular region in the stomach:
Question 7Answer
a.
margo plicatus
b.
cardiac muscle
c.
Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF)
d.
sigmoid flexure
a.
margo plicatus
To estimate protein quality one has to conduct a N balance study. Which of the following measurement(s) is/are necessary to quantify thoroughly and completely total N use by the animal?
Question 8Answer
a.
total urinary N
b.
total fecal N
c.
endogenous urinary N
d.
metabolic fecal N
e.
All of the above
e.
All of the above
What factor(s) is/are important to determine protein quality of a feed:
Question 9Answer
a.
Amino acid composition
b.
Amino acid digestibility
c.
Amino acid bioavailability
d.
All of the above
d.
All of the above
Which region of the gastrointestinal tract shows the least amount of variation across animal species?
Question 10Answer
a.
stomach
b.
hind gut
c.
small intestine
d.
teeth
c.
small intestine
