Nutrition final 4 Flashcards
How can osteoporosis be prevented?
Calcium, weight bearing exercise
What organs are involved in the formation of the active Vitamin D?
Skin, liver, kidneys
What is the age of peak bone density?
25-30
What is the average weight of a newborn?
7.5 lbs
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy (over the length of pregnancy and weekly)
25-30 lbs in pre pregnancy normal weight – 1lb per week
where is the weight distributed when pregnant distributed?
placenta, breasts, amniotic and body fluids, fat stores, baby, muscles to support uterus
What maternal weight is used to classify the category of weight gain during pregnancy?
Pre-pregnancy
What is the structure and role of the placenta?
Deliver nutrients to the embryo, fetus, carry away waste
Structure is a separate blood supply
What nutritional problems are seen in pregnancy and their causes,
Morning sickenss- hormone changes and higher sensitivity to odors
What are the preventative measures
Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome- no alcohol
What are the Calorie and protein needs during pregnancy?
300 (2nd) and 450 (3rd), +25gm protein
What is the Division of Responsibility?
Parents offer food (what, when, where), child decides how much
Infants
breast or formula feed exclusively for first 6 months; suggested add iron fortified rice cereal as first solid
Toddlers
offer the food (what, when and where) but allow the child to decide how much to eat- offering healthy foods using my plate as a guidline, offering small portions appropriate for their age, do not use food as a reward
Reason for avoiding honey
clostridium botulinum bacteria- paralysis
Juice intake
limit to 4 ounces per day
Avoiding allergies
offer a new food every three days
Initiation of solids
6 months when infant can sit up holding head up
Guidelines for Overweight/obese children
be a role model, provide up to an hour of exercise per day, limit TV/video/computer watching to 2 hours per day
Typical adolescent eating
more likely to drink soft drink over milk, preference for fast food convenience, low intake of fruits and vegetables, less likely to have 3 healthy meals per day
At what age to include cow’s milk, whole milk vs. 1%/skim milk
1 year for whole milk, 2 years for lower fat versions ( 1%,2%)
age of growth spurt
10-11 girls, 12-13 boys
body composition differences for males and females
males; greater muscle mass, girls increase fat
activity recommendation
greater than or equal to 60 minutes/day
What are the fluid needs of an adult?
Minimum of 6 cups
What are the My Plate guidelines including types of food to each from each food group?
5 or more fruits an dveg, lean meats and beans, 3 servings of low fat dairy, half grain whole
Difference between appetite and hunger
appetite is emotion driven, hunger is physiologically driven
What is the average life expectancy and fastest growing age group?
76 males, 81 females and fastest growing age group is the over 85
What changes are seen in the elderly, including changes in nutrient needs
Decreased lean body mass, decreased bone density, decreased immune function, decreased calorie needs but not lowered vitamin and mineral needs
In regard to free radicals; what causes their production
normal metabolism, pollution, UV light, toxic subatances (ex smoking
what damage can free radicals do
Increase cancer risk
nutritionally how can their damage be diminished? (free radicals)
Eat vegetable oils for vitamin E
What are the 3 stages of Cancer and their definitions?
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
Initiation
cell mutates
Promotion
growth in number of mutated cells
Progression
mutated cells travel to other parts of the body
What is the length of gestation in humans?
38-42 weeks
What are the benefits of breastfeeding
Reduced cost compared to formula, can help promote loss of maternal fat stores gained during pregnancy, assist the uterus to return to pre-pregnancy size, it is NOT an effective contraceptive
What are the best sources of nutrient information?
Registered dietician, .gov websites, peer reviewed research articles
