Nutrition Final 4 Flashcards
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
What are the water soluble vitamins
Ascorbic acid, biotin, choline, folacin, myoinositol, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, B6, B12
Fat soluble vitamins
stored in fat, can reach toxicity levels
Water soluble vitamins
will no accumulate in the body, easily removed from the body, stores are very fluid
What was the first vitamin to be discovered
Vitamin B1 or thiamin
What disease is associated with Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi
Functions of thiamin
coenzyme for all enzymatic decarboxylation of alpha keto acids (pyruvate to acetate), vital role in nerve function, role in insulin biosynthesis
Symptoms of deficiency in thiamin
BERIBERI, swollen lower legs, paralysis, cardiovascular damage, head bent backwards, polioencephalomalacia PEM
Toxicity of thiamin
typically non toxic
Second B vitamin to be discovered
Riboflavin or vitamin B2
Three forms of riboflavin
free riboflavin, FMN (flavin mononucleotide), FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Functions of riboflavin
required as part of many enzymes to utilize (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins), amino acid metabolism, flavoprotein functions, fat metabolism
Symptoms of deficiency of riboflavin
unable to synthesize riboflavin within tissue, alopecia, rough hair coat, lowered feed rate, curled toe paralysis
Symptoms of toxicity of riboflavin
little issue or toxicity
Niacin or third B vitamin
chemically one of the simplest vitamins
2 coenzymes of niacin
NAD and NADP
tryptophan niacin conversion
tryptophan is a precursor for niacin synthesis, ability of tryptophan to meet metabolic requirement for niacin depends on amount available of tryptophan and efficiency of conversion
Symptoms of niacin deficiency
Pellagra (dermal lesions), weakness, digestive disorders
Symptoms of toxicity of niacin
itching, heat sensation, nausea, vomiting
Three compounds of vitamin B6
Pyridoxol
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
Functions of vitamin B6
plays an essential role in interaction of the metabolism of amino acid, carbohydrate, fatty acids, citric acid cycle
involved in almost all reactions involving amino acid metabolism
conversion of amino acid to keto acid
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6
grow very slowly, epileptic like convulsions, nitrogen rentention
toxicity of vitmain B6
Very little
Functions of pantothenic acid
functions as a constituent of two coenzymes (coenzyme a and ACP), involved in over 100 metabolic pathways, coenzyme A
Deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid
goose stepping of hind legs, impairment of adrenal function, reduced growth
Toxicity of pantothenic acid
no toxicity reported
Function of biotin
essential coenzyme in metabolism, essential part of interconversion of carb to protein and protein to fat, maintains normal blood glucose levels
Biotin is a carboxyl carrier for four carboxylase enzymes
- pyruvate carboxylase
- acetyl coa carboxylase
- propionyl coa carboxylase
- 3 methylcrotonyl coa carboxylase
Symptoms of deficiency of biotin
dry rough cracked skin, alopecia, ulceration of skin
Three structures of folacin
glutamic acid, p aminobenzoic acid, pteridine nucleus
Functions of folacin
transfers single carbon units in various reactions, specific single carbon transfer
Deficiency of folacin
leukopenia, anemia
Functions of vitamin B12
essential part of several enzyme systems for basic metabolic functions, red blood cell synthesis
Deficiency of vitamin B12
closely related to cobalt deficiency, anemia, slowed growth
Functions of choline
metabolic essential for building and maintaing cell structure, fat metabolism in liver, essential for formation of acetylcholine
Deficiency symptoms of choline
spraddled leg condition, poor confirmation, fatty liver
toxicity of choline
salivation, trembling, jerking, convulsions
what is ascorbic acid closely related to
vitamin c
two forms of ascorbic acid
reduced ascorbic acid, oxidized dehydroascorbic acid
functions of ascorbic acid
involved in biochemical processes that involve donations of one or two electrons, collagen synthesis, antioxidant and immunity, carnitine synthesis
Deficiency and toxicity of ascorbic acid
not a common deficiency, limited issue with toxcitiy
Which fat soluble vitamin is considered the most important
Vitamin A
3 forms of vitamin A
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
all trans retinol is considered to have ___ biological activity
100%
Functions of vitamin A
normal night vision, normal epithelial cells, normal bone growth and remodeling,
