Nutrition Final 2

Question 1

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 1

any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch’s, and cellulose

Question 2

Describe the differences between alpha and beta bonds and how the type of bonds impacts the role that the carbohydrate plays in the diet

Answer 2

Alpha bonds are less stable due to branching and fewer H bonds, easily digestible, used as an energy reserve for the plant.
Beta bonds are more stable because of increased hydrogen bonds, used for structural integrity of plant, requires more energy to degrade, forms negative nutritional value.

Question 3

Structurally carbohydrates are one of two forms

Answer 3

ketoses and aldoses

Question 4

The two primary forms of starch

Answer 4

Amylose contains straight chains of glucose with Alpha 1-4 bonds.
Amylopectin is more branched with Alpha 1-6 bonds

Question 5

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates

Answer 5

monosaccharides

Question 6

What are the building blocks of fats and lipids

Answer 6

fatty acids

Question 7

The primary carbohydrate storage form in the body is ____ and is typically found in ____

Answer 7

glycogen, muscle and liver

Question 8

In the ruminant animal, the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose produces primarily what three VFA’s?

Answer 8

1. Acetic acid
2. Propionic acid
3. Butyric acid

Question 9

Describe what happens when a ruminant animal consumes large amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates.

Answer 9

Lactic acidosis, microbial population doesnt change fast increasing the number of amylolytic bacteria, lactobacillus increase in number, lactic acid accumulates, slows or stops growth of other microbes, decrease pH, microbes cannot handle low pH so they will die or shut off production, making absorption impaired, bacteria invade rumen wall and enter blood stream, causes liver abscesses

Question 10

In the digestion of carbohydrates, _____ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-4 linkages while _____ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-6 linkages.

Answer 10

amylase and glucosidase

Question 11

When excess glucose is present in the body, the excess glucose is stored as _____ through the process of ______

Answer 11

glycogen, glycogenesis

Question 12

If the body is short of glucose it must produce it from amino acids or VFA’s through _____ cycle and then it proceeds from pyruvate to glucose through the process of _______

Answer 12

TCA, glucogenesis

Question 13

Blood glucose concentrations are under endocrine control, with ______ signaling excess glucose and the need for storage and _____ signaling the lack of glucose and the need to produce additional glucose

Answer 13

insulin, glucagon

Question 14

List the three enzymes found in glycolysis that are different from those found in gluconeogenesis

Question 15

The goal of the TCA cycle is the production of _____.

Answer 15

energy

Question 16

Describe the hotel theory of plant cell walls. Be sure to describe what part of the plant cell wall is represented by each part of the hotel.

Answer 16

Breaks the plant cell wall into 3 parts. Plant cell contents, cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin. The first things removed from a hotel are the contents followed by the interior walls, then exterior walls. NDF removes plant cell wall contents such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and nitrogen. ADF utilization of an acid to further subdivide the plant cell wall components and removes hemicellulose, remaining in cellulose and lignin.

Question 17

What is a lipid?

Answer 17

organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but rather soluble in organic solvents

Question 18

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 18

In saturated fatty acids all carbon atoms are attached to two hydrogens, terminal carbon has 3. In unsaturated fatty acids one or more carbon atoms are attached by a double bond and hydrogen has been removed

Question 19

Describe the process of lipid digestion and absorption starting at the stomach and continuing to the absorption into the intestinal mucosa.

Question 20

List the parts of the net energy system and what energy losses are accounted for at each step.

Question 21

What is basal metabolism?

Question 22

Why does digestibility decrease as feed intake increases?

Question 23

Typically ____% of ME is required to meet the maintenance energy needs of the animal.

Question 24

What is the hydrogen oxygen ratio of carbohydrates

Answer 24

2:1

Question 25

Fats have ___ times the energy density of carbohydrates

Answer 25

2.25

Question 26

Essential fatty acids

Answer 26

Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachidonic