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Animal Breeding > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Key Equation

A

The equation relating the rate of genetic change resulting from selection to four factors.

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2
Q

The four factors of the key equation

A

Accuracy of selection, selection intensity, genetic variation, and generation interval

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3
Q

Rate of Genetic Change

A

Rate of change in the mean breeding value of a population. Also called the response to selection

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4
Q

True or false. Crossbreeding and Inbreeding are not transferable to offspring.

A

True

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5
Q

Accuracy of selection

A

A measure of the strength of the relationship between true breeding value and their predictions for a trait under selection

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6
Q

True or false. The higher the heritability the more accurate we are in selection.

A

True

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7
Q

Selection criterion

A

Information that selection decisions are based on. Also called predictions

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8
Q

What are some values that are apart of selection criterion?

A

EBV, EPD, phenotypic selection, and scientific guess

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9
Q

Selection intensity

A

A measure of how choosy breeders are in deciding which individuals are selected

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10
Q

If intensity is high assuming selection criterion are reasonably accurate…

A

parents should be a lot better than average, offspring should be extremely better than average, rate of change should be rapid

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11
Q

If intensity is low…

A

parents are about average, offspring will also be about average

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12
Q

Truncation selection

A

selection on the basis of a distinct division in the selection criterion above which individuals are kept and below which they are rejected. the more animals kept the lower the intensity

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13
Q

proportion saved

A

the number of individuals chosen to be parents as a proportion of the number of potential parents

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14
Q

effective proportion saved

A

in selection - a value that, when substituted for actual proportion saved reflects correct selection intensity

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15
Q

threshold traits

A

polygenic traits that are not continuous in their expression but exhibit categorical phenotypes. selection intensities tend to be small

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16
Q

true or false. the better the performance of a population in a threshold trait the smaller the selection intensity

A

true

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17
Q

true or false. The more thresholds you have the closer you are to a continuous trait

A

true

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18
Q

genetic variation

A

variability of breeding values within a population for a trait under selection

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19
Q

characteristics of a large genetic variation

A

selection is intense, selection criteria is reasonably accurate, the best animals are far superior to average, fast rate of genetic change

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20
Q

genetic interval

A

the amount of time required to replace one generation with the next

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21
Q

genetic trend

A

the change in the mean breeding value of a population over time

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22
Q

replacement rate

A

the rate at which newly selected individuals replace existing parents in a population

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23
Q

selection risk

A

the risk that true breeding values of replacements will be significantly poorer than expected

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24
Q

breeding value lag

A

over time the genetic trend in the offspring will be the same as the genetic trend of the sire, the amount of time that is required for this to happen is the breeding value lag

25
Q

quanititative genetics

A

the branch of genetics concerned with influences on measurement of relationships among genetic prediction for and rate of change in traits that are or can be treated as quantitative

26
Q

phenotypic value

A

measure of performance for a trait in an individual

27
Q

genotypic value

A

effect of an individuals genes on its performance for a trait

28
Q

enviromental effect

A

effect that external factors have on animal performance

29
Q

population mean

A

the average phenotypic value of all individuals in a population

30
Q

breeding value

A

the value of an individual as a genetic parent. important for selection

31
Q

independent gene effect

A

the effect of a gene independent of the effect of the other gene at the same locus and the effects of genes at other loci

32
Q

progeny difference

A

half an individuals breeding value - the expected difference between the mean performance of the individuals progeny and the mean performance of all progeny

33
Q

gene combination value

A

the part of an individuals genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations and therefore cannot be transferred from parents to offspring. cannot be passed to offspring. important for contribution to animal performance

34
Q

gene combination value is not transferable to progeny, but has a great impact on individuals performance in

A

hybrid vigor and inbreeding depression

35
Q

producing ability

A

the function of all factors that permanently affect an individuals performance potential. important for repeated traits

36
Q

repeated trait

A

a trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record. ex. milk production, weaning wt, twining in sheep

37
Q

what values are determined at conception

A

genotypic values, breeding values, and gene combination values

38
Q

permanent enviromental effects

A

permanently impact the animals performance. combo of genetic and environment

39
Q

temporary environmental effects

A

temporary impact on animals performance. purely environment

40
Q

heritability

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance and breeding values for a trait in a population

41
Q

repeatability

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between repeated records for a trait in a population

42
Q

contemporary group

A

a group of animals that have experienced a similar environment with respect to the expression of a trait

43
Q

trait ratio

A

an expression of a relative performance - the ratio of an individuals performance to the average performance of all animals in the individuals contemporary group

44
Q

normal distibution

A

individual values tend to follow a set of distribution within a population. symmetric, bell shaped curve, vertical axis

45
Q

mean

A

an arithmetic average

46
Q

variation

A

differences among individuals within a population

47
Q

standard deviation

A

an average deviation from the mean

48
Q

flat curve =

A

large amount of variation

49
Q

sharp steep curve =

A

less variation

50
Q

68%

A

within one standard deviation

51
Q

95%

A

within 2 standard deviation

52
Q

99%

A

within 3 standard deviation

53
Q

covariation

A

how two traits or values vary together in a population

54
Q

positive covariation move in the…

A

same direction

55
Q

negative covariation move in the…

A

opposite direction

56
Q

what are the two aspects of covariation

A

direction and strength

57
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables

58
Q

regression

A

the expected or average change in one variable per unity change in another

Animal Breeding (6 decks)

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