Nutrition Final 3 Flashcards
What are proteins
essential organic constituents of living organisms
High concentration of protein is in the
muscle
What are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
What are the three types of proteins
globular, fibrous, conjugated
Globular proteins
soluble in water, dilute acids or bases, and alcohol
Fibrous proteins
insoluble in water, resistant to digestive enzymes
Conjugated proteins
Contain a wide array of non protein parts
What are the two types of conjugated proteins
Lipoproteins and glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Protein-lipid complex, from membrane proteins of animal cells
Glycoproteins
Protein-carbohydrate complex, 2 types (sulfated polysaccharides and mucoproteins)
What are the 10 essential amino acids
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Leucine
What are the 10 essential amino acids
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Leucine
List 3 functions of proteins and provide at least 2 examples of proteins that do that particular function.
- Muscle contraction which is a contractile protein. Two examples of proteins that do this function is actin and myosin
- Transport of nutrients and O2 which is blood proteins. Two examples of proteins that do this function is albumin and hemoglobin.
- Enzyme catalyzed reactions which is enzymes. Two examples of proteins that do this function is dehydrogenase, kinase, and synthase
Disruption of the secondary structure of a protein
Denaturation
The urea cycle is the process of converting
ammonia to urea
Describe process of protein synthesis
Mrna is at the bottom and has a codon for protein attached to it. tRNA is provided with the anticodon. The Trna goes out to find a matching amino acid and brings back the matches to the codon. Amino acid 1 binds to amino acid 2 Trna goes back with amino acid 3. May not take all 5 phases because it stops at UGA.
Describe process of nitrogen recycling and what happens during high and low intake levels
Non protein nitrogen occurs as urea through saliva and then get diffused through the rumen wall. Most of the nitrogen is gonna be utilized by microbes to be converted into ammonia for energy. The ammonia is absorbed across the rumen wall into the blood. If intake of nitrogen is low the animal is gonna be low performing because there is not going to be as much nitrogen for the microbes to convert into ammonia to utilize. Very little will go to urea pool and then will go back to rumen pool and little excreted through the urine. If there is a high intake of nitrogen the animal is going to be higher performing because the nitrogen will go directly to the liver from rumen pool. Greater amount will escape and the microbes will utilize nitrogen. From liver it goes to urea pool and nitrogen will go back to the rumen pool. If it goes back through the process it will be secreted through the urine. Although you do want to make sure the nitrogen intake is too high because toxicity can occur.
What is an amino acid imbalance
Any change in the proportion of dietary amino acids that has an adverse effect preventable by a small increase in the most limiting amino acid
Prions
Proteinaceous infectious particles that lack nucleic acids. Causative agent for several neurological diseases in livestock
Two phases of metabolism of proteins
Catabolism (degradation)
Anabolism (synthesis)
Three most common proteases
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastatse
What is the most common deficiency
Protein or amino acid
Amino acid antagonism
growth depression that is overcome by supplementation with an amino acid structurally similar to the antagonist
Amino acid antagonism
growth depression that is overcome by supplementation with an amino acid structurally similar to the antagonist
Amino acid antagonism
growth depression that is overcome by supplementation with an amino acid structurally similar to the antagonist
Amino acid antagonism
growth depression that is overcome by supplementation with an amino acid structurally similar to the antagonist
Amino acid antagonism
growth depression that is overcome by supplementation with an amino acid structurally similar to the antagonist
Amino acid toxcicity
when the adverse effect of an amino acid excess cannot be overcome by supplementation with another amino acid
Amino acid imbalance
any change in the proportion of dietary amino acids that has an adverse effect preventable by a small increase in the most limiting amino acid
What are the two function of water
Major component in body metabolism
Major factor in body temperature control
What creates the most metabolic water
Fat
Three characteristics of water that has a marked effect on temperature regulation
high specific heat
high thermal conductivity
high latent heat of vaporization
One gram of water moving from liquid to vapor removes _______ Cal of heat.
580
Three types of water
metabolic
feed
free
Over consumption of _________ causes an increase in water loss due to an increase in urination.
protein
The four primary components of blood
Plasma, white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
The difference between serum and plasma is the protein
fibrin
Fluid in unclotted blood is
plasma
Fluid in clotted blood is
serum
