Nutrition Exam 2 content Flashcards
What is the definition of gross energy?
How much energy is in a sample of food
How is gross energy of a feed measured?
bomb calorimetry
heat produced by oxidation of food
calorie= heat required to increase one gram of water 1 degree celsius
Calorie= 1000 little calories
How does the gross energy of the three major nutrients utilized for energy compare to one another?
CHO= 4.1 Kcal/ gram
protein= 5.65 Kcal/gram
Lipid= 9.45 Kcal/gram
What is digestible energy?
the amount of energy in the feed minus the amount of energy lost in the feces
How is digestible energy measured?
feeding a test diet to several cows for at least 2 weeks and then measuring total feed intake and total fecal output or estimating fecal output using a digestibility marker.
What is the composition of fecal energy?
is composed of undigested feedstuffs, microbes, cells that break down and bacteria.
heat from fermentation
What is metabolizable energy?
the amount of energy available to the body from food after accounting for the obligatory energy losses, mostly in stool and urine
How is metabolized energy measured?
collecting all gases to see how much energy is lost
What is net energy used for in the animal?
Basal metabolism
Maintenance requirement
Lactation
Growth, exercise, reproduction, fattening
What is heat of fermentation and heat increment?
heat of fermentation is heat produced by microbes
heat increment is heat produced in animal cells.
What animal activities are included in basal metabolism?
breathing, heart pumping, brain function, and basic movement.
What are 2 things that affect basal metabolic rate?
age, gender (males have higher metabolic rate), species/ breed ( grey hound uses more energy then black lab (genetics) )
How would you define an animals maintenance requirement?
energy required for normal movement etc. above basal metabolism
what factors affect an animals maintenance requirement
where your getting food do you have to walk far animals that have to walk farther have a higher maintenance requirement.
compare and contrast dietary energy losses between a cow and a pig?
Since a pig is non ruminant and a cow is a ruminant there are much higher losses in the ruminant
ruminant largest lost is through fecal
How/ when do hormones regulate glucose metabolism?
B cells insulin (high blood glucose , insulin stimulates storage/ use of glucose, and decreasing blood concentrations
A cells glucagon (low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis( making new glucose form VFA or amino acids), lipolysis, proteolysis
Which hormones regulate growth? What factors affect growth?
growth hormone which is released from the anterior pituitary gland it stimulates the release of IGF (insulin growth factor)
young animals have more growth hormones
How do thyroid hormone and leptin affect the rate of metabolism?
leptin - helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and increases energy expendure
Your thyroid’s main job is to control the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate) more thyroid hormone speeds up metabolism
What are the effects of too little or too much thyroid hormone?
Too little thyroid hormone, and the individual tends to feel mentally sluggish, while too much induces anxiety and nervousness
What is the definition of macro mineral?
macro minerals are minerals that we need to eat in quantities of at least 100 ppm
Which macro minerals are stored in bone tissue?
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
Which macrominerals are used as electrolytes?
chlorine
potassium
sodium
Once an animal reaches mature size, why would it still need to consume CA,P and Mg
because of mineral turnover. The minerals are consistently broken down and remade
How is Ca homeostasis controlled in an animals body?
when dietary calcium increases, the percent absorption decreases
vitamin D increases calcium adoration since vitamin is needed to absorb calcium
controlled by parathyroid hormone which is Ade by parathyroid gland it increases blood calcium by increasing GIT absorption and release from bone
calcitonin made by thyroid gland decreases blood Ca by inhibiting release from bone
What could Ca and P deficiency cause?
poor muscle contraction
abnormal bone development (long bones bend “bowed legs”)
muscle tetany ( milk fever) ( crisis situation blood levels dip too low signs include falling down and not being able to get up, and low milk production. Blood calcium is low due to milk production. treatment is giving IV calcium make sutra not to give it too fast because it can cause arrhythmias
Why would a nutritionist not over feed P in a mono gastric diet ?
- if we eat too much we can have deficiency symptoms
- extras are secreted in urine
How are Na, K, and Cl used in the body?
Na/K ATPase
- membrane transport protein
- requires ATP
- 3 Na out of cell/ 2 K into cell
Acid Base balance
- maintaining pH of body fluids [H+]
HCL
- denaturing dietary protein in stomach
- lethal to microbes in stomach
What is the definition of a vitamin?
- organic
- contained in foods
- essential
- not synthesized by the animal in sufficient amount
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B and C
What are the sources of Vitamin A
meat and milk
What are the sources of Vitamin D
- ergosterol (D2) plants
- 7- dehydrocholesterol(D3)- animals
- sunlight
What are the sources of vitamin E?
- Green plants (chloroplasts)
- oil
- small amounts in animal fats
- alpha tocopherol (most active form)
What are the sources of Vitamin K?
- Green plants
- Bacteria (ruminants, coprophagy, LI absorption
What are the sources of Vitamin B?
- Thiamine (produced by bacteria, fungi, plants sources include yeast, unpolished grains, and pork)
- Riboflavin B2 ( sources include leafy green vegetables, milk, meat, and unpolished grains)
- Niacin B3 (sources include yeast, meat, and unprocessed grains)
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?
In the small intestines using micelles
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Absorbed in Small intestine through passive and active transport
What are the functions of vitamin A?
-eye ( component of Rods/ cones of retina)
- epithelial cells growth (keratinized skin)
What are the functions of vitamin D?
-Ca/P homeostasis- intestinal absorption, release from bone, kidney excretion
-increase function of immune cells
What is the function of vitamin E?
- Antioxidant (gets rid of free radicals. Free radicals damage membranes and break down cells)
- neuromuscular function
What is the function of vitamin K?
Blood clotting
What is the function of thiamine?
-energy metabolism
- neuronal effects
what is the function of riboflavin?
coenzyme (ATP production)
What is the function of niacin?
Coenzyme (NAD/NADP- electron transport carrier)
what is the function of vitamin C?
- coenzyme (electron transport, collagen synthesis, antioxidant
What are the symptoms of niacin toxicity?
- acute (all of a sudden)
- flushing ( blood rushing to face)
- Gastrointestinal pain
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
night blindness/ blindness
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
weak bones
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
not being able to walk in a coordinated fashion
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Blood not clotting
What are the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency?
anorexia (lack of appetite)
Do you normally get toxicity from vitamin B?
No, because you usually excrete extra in urine
What are the symptoms of thiamine deficiency?
can’t bring in pyruvate so you can’t get all ATP
what are the signs of deficiency in riboflavin B2?
- anorexia
- low weight gain
- thrifty (looks tired, shaggy hair)
What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
Which type of carbohydrate is a structural fiber?
cellulose
How do C3 and C4 grasses differ?
C3 grasses are higher protein less fiber where C4 grasses are higher fiber lower protein.
C4 grasses have a more efficient photosynthesis rate
What is the climate for C3 grasses?
cool, moist or hot, moist climate
What is the climate for C4 grasses?
Hot, Dry, or moist climate (tropical)
Why are legumes higher in crude protein than grasses?
- bacteria in root nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen
- leaves are higher in CP
What are two factors when determining the optimal time to harvest forages?
digestibility and yield
what is the optimal time to harvest forages?
between boot prebud and heading bud
What are the 3 micro minerals?
Iron, copper, selenium
What are the symptoms of copper toxicity?
-increased free hemoglobin in urine
- jaundice
- primarily affects sheep
What are the symptoms of iron toxicity?
-iron overload
- anemia
What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity?
- blind stagger
- death
What are the warm season grasses?
elephant grass, bermudagrass, corn
What are the cool season grasses?
Timothy, bluegrass
What are the 6 macro minerals?
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
chlorine
potassium
sodium
what is a symptom of phosphorus deficiency
pica, reproductive failure, rickets
too much can damage kidneys
what are the functions of copper?
- Fe absorbtion
- collagen synthesis
- hair, wool growth
- bone weakness
What are the functions of selenium
- enzymes
- pancreas function related to pancreatic lipase
what are the symptoms of selenium deficiency ?
white muscle disease—> skeletal and cardiac
- death
What is the function of iron?
- hemoglobin
- myoglobin
- cytochrome (atp production)
