Exam one content Flashcards
Health and disease management in animals
Bovine ( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
Cattle 101-102 degrees F
9 months
calves
equine( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
Horse
99.5-100.5 degrees F
11 months
foals
(ovine)( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
Sheep
101.5-103.5 degrees F
5 months
lambs
(caprine) ( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
Goat
101.5-103.5 degrees F
5 months
kids
porcine( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
swine
101.5-103.5 degrees F
almost 4 months
farrows
(canine)( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
dog
101-102 degrees F
2 months
whelps
feline)( normal temperature range, gestation length, birth process name)
cat
101-102 degrees F
2 months
queens
Definition of intrinsic
an abnormality of the body present at birth that results in disease
definition of extrinsic
something external to the body that causes disease
intrinsic examples list (4)
- genetic defects
- heart defects
- hydrocephalus
- cleft palate
hydrocephalus
fluid that didn’t circulate at ventricles due to being blocked so it is still being produced but can’t be drained.
all species can get it
causes big head in young
cleft palete
aspiration can happen during nursing causing milk to go into the lungs instead of the esophagus
non-living environmental causes of disease list 5
trauma- injury
cold- frostbite (extremities get worst bite first due to being farther away from the heart they get less circulation)
Heat- burn
chemical poisoning
nutritional deficiency
infectious agents that cause disease list 5
sub viral (prion)(ex mad cow disease)
viral
bacterial
protozoal (ex. coccidia, Giardia (in water))
parasitic
what is the biggest virus
pox virus
order of cell size (small to large)
small molecule, virus, bacterium, animal cell, plant cell
disease definition
alternation of the state of the body or some organs that interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of its functions
infection definition
the result of an infectious agent entering the animals body setting up a disturbance
infectious disease definition
a disease caused by the presence of foreign organisms (infectious agent by their presence in the body cause a disturbance leading to the development of clinical signs in animals (called symptoms in people
contagious disease
is an infectious disease that may be spread by direct or indirect contact from animal to animal
Fomite
an inanimate object that can transport infectious agents from one individual to another (feed bucket, grooming tools, shared water bottles, etc)
highly virulent
an infectious agent that will kill most of the animals ( or people) infected with it (rabies if not treated, ebola)
moderately/ slightly virulent
an infectious agent that will make animals (or people) sick but usually do not kill them
Ex:rhinoviruses (cause of the common cold), bacteria causing diarrhea
non or avirulent
an infectious agent that infects the animal without causing clinical signs
Etiology
specific cause of disease ( causative agent, infectious agent, physical event)
Zoonosis
disease that animals can spread (transmit to man)
necropsy
animal autopsy
gross pathology
examination of dead animal will the naked eye to determine abnormalities
histopathology
microscopic examination of the animal tissues to determine abnormalities at the cellular level that could indicate cause of illness
epidemiology
the study of diseases in populations (animal or human)
mortality
ratio of the total number of deaths to the total population of a community; the expected number of deaths in a specific disease outbreak
Morbidity
number of animals expected to be affected or show clinical signs in a specific disease outbreak
anorexia
lack of appetite
Fever know alternate name and definition
pyrexia
body temperature above the normal range (febrile)
causes lack of appetite
inflammation
tissue response to injury eg swelling (edema, redness, heat, pain, loss of function
prophylaxis
prevention of disease by owner or veterinarian
disease prevention
hygiene- cleanliness
disinfection (steps)
- removal of organic matter
- scrubbing and cleaning with soap or detergent
- rinsing with water
- then disinfection
hygiene hypothesis
exposure to germs early in life is critical to develop a healthy immune system (under the age of 5)
personal hygiene
-Use disposable gloves when handling animals with potentially contagious diseases.
- Do not chew on finger nails, pencils, etc. Keep hands away from the eyes, nose, mouth and other mucous membranes.
-Change clothing/boots/gloves before moving from one group of (potentially
infectious) animals to another (eg be sure you or your clothing are not acting as
fomites)
-washing hand between patients, prior to going into the barn, prior to eating…
what should you do before moving from one group of possibly infectious animals to another
change clothing before moving from one group of potentially infectious animals to another to make sure your clothing is not acting as fomite.
wash your hands
what should you do with new animals being brought to the farm or animals being Brought back from the farm
they should be separated from the other animals for at least 10-14 days to prevent the spread of disease and to make sure they are not sick
what 4 organ systems are responsible for the majority of drug excretion
kidney (through urine)
Liver (through gastrointestinal tract)
lung (through breath)
skin (through sweat)
What should you do to find out the route of administration of a drug?
read the label
off label use
a drug will prove effective for a disease that differs from the one involved in original testing and FDA approval through research
PO
Per Os (by mouth)
IV
intravenous
IM
intramuscular
SC
subcutaneous
IP
intraperitoneal (abdomen)
ID
intradermal
what are some other routes of drug administration
inhalation
intracardial
inranasal
intraarticular (inside a joint)
transdermal (through skin)
How long does it take for drugs given by different routes of administration to reach target tissue and have an effect? Why? compare oral, IM, and IV
orally has to go down the esophagus to the stomach to be broken down and absorbed by the small intestine, to the portal system, to the liver, to the bloodstream, to the whole body (which takes about 30 minutes)
intravenous is a lot faster because it is pretty much already at the target tissue due to already being in the bloodstream it will last longer and only takes about. 1 minute to take effect
intramuscular injection has to be absorbed from the injection site into the capillaries. Pretty soon it will be in general circulation and start to affect the target tissue. (takes about ten minutes)
Iv>Im>orally
subcutaneous injection how to do it
pinch skin to make a tent, pull back to make sure you did not hit a blood vessel, then administer injection
pinch skin to make a tent, pull back to make sure you did not hit a blood vessel, then administer injection
1 hand away from neck, shoulder, and a column it makes a triangle
also the but in horse underneath the muscles
sites for venipuncture
jugular veins in the neck it is critical to have a holder to hold the animal in the right position lifting there head up and holding the body of the animal still
cephalic vein (hold front leg and restrain head use thumb to roll the vein to the outside and push down firmly with thumb)
definition of immunology
study of the body’s defense against infection
physical barriers
1st line of defense skin, mucous membranes
innate immunity
nonspecific (general immune system response to any pathogen)
Non specific, no long lasting immunity
Recruit immune cells to site of infection via cytokines (inflammation)
Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria
Promote clearance of dead cells and foreign substances
Activate the adaptive immune system
specific response to a pathogen)
also known as adaptive immunity (very specific to individual pathogen)
give 3 examples of mucous membranes
nose lining, eye lining, lining of the mouth, lining of the intestinal tract
How do mucous membranes work with cilia
some particles get stuck in the nose, and mouth cilia beats mucus up with some particles you swallow and they go into the stomach where they get destroyed
how long does it take for physical barriers to kick in?
right away
how long does it take for innate immunity to kick in and when does it peak
takes minutes for it to kick in it hours to a day to peak
how long does it take acquired immunity to kick in when first exposed?
takes several days it is not adequate till about 10 days
what is evolutionary ancient and similar in a wide variety of species
innate immunity
how does innate immunity work?
recognizes self from non self and trigger inflammatory response
characteristics of innate immunity
- inherited (born with it)
- immediate (0-4 hours)
- provide broad defenses against infection
- non specific not long lasting immunity (no memory)
phagocytic cells
directly ingest and destroy pathogens
- monocytes in blood
- macrophages in tissues
- and neutrophils which turn to pus when they die
natural killer cells
large granular lymphocytes that do not express surface marker of B and T cells
- attack viral infected cells and cancer cells
what does high levels of eosinophils suggest
parasites
what do mast cells release
histamine (response to allergic reaction causes swelling)
what cells are the bridge cells and why?
dendritic and macrophages because they are antigen presenting cells
passive adaptive immunity
pre- made antibodies that are specific they are a gift passed down from the mom
active adaptive immunity
get exposed to the virus to develop it
definition of acquired immunity
-response of lymphocytes to a specific antigen
- immunologic memory
- body builds a specific response to a specific antigen
- t lymphocytes cytotoxic and helper
- b lymphocytes- produce antibodies
how many types of antibodies can plasma cells make once activated
1
what does Ig refer to
immunoglobulin aka antibody
what kinds of B cells are there
memory cell and plasma cells which produce antibodies
during a immune response B cells undergo clonal expansion
what are the functions of immunoglobulins (antibodies)
- neutralize toxins/ viruses when antigen get covered with antibodies it can’t bind to a cell or penetrate it and damages it
- opsonization ( coat/ covers bacteria to enhance attractiveness of foreign agent to macrophages and neutrophils, enhances clumping of antigen, activates complement, increase natural killer cell activity)
Enhances agglutination (clumping) of antigen
Activate complement
Increase natural killer cell activity
IgM
first antibody produced takes about 5 days and activates complement which helps poke holes in bacteria
hard to measure
IgG
most abundent
takes about ten days
opsonizes
IgA
at mucosal surfaces neutralizes bacteria and viruses
IgE
binds to cell membranes releases histamines in allergic reactions
IgD
acts as antigen receptor on B cells
what are the 2 ways to provoke active acquired immunity
infection with organism and vaccination
infection with organism creates stronger response
species with trans placental transporting of antibodies
humans
monkeys
rodents
dogs
cats
species with no transfer of antibodies
horse
cow
sheep
pig
goats
what are the 3 types of passive immunity
natural (via trans placental transport) and colostrum
blood serum injections
antibodies produces in lab and administered to at risk animals for temporary protection
why is colostrum beneficial?
How long does it last?
- essential to species with no transplacental transfer
- needs to be given within the first two hours
- newborns can absorb whole antibodies from intestine to blood within the first 24-48 hours
- give-up to 6 months of protection
What are blood serum injections?
How long does it last?
- blood from hyper immune animals (lots of antibodies)are injected into another animal
- short term protection 2 weeks
- can cause illness
-not commonly used
How does antibodies produced in the lab work?
-monoclonal antibodies produced by manipulation of antibodies produced by laboratory infected animals or by recombinant technologies
- isolate antibodies made by over vaccinating lab animal then purify it
- lasts a few weeks
- given orally
why are newborns more at risk for tetanus?
can get it from dirt getting in through the umbilical cord. Want to make sure you put iodine around a horses umbilical cord opening so they don’t get infected. There are premade antibodies against tetanus to provide immediate protection to animals at immediate risk for tetanus exposure
What is the goal of a vaccination
Expose animal to a less virulent form of the infectious agent in order to produce an active immune response that will protect the animal from later natural exposure to the virulent agent
What is a live vaccine?
-hardly ever used
- strongest longest lasting response
- fully potent live agent( usually a mild strain, can cause disease, usually gives strong, long lasting immunologic reaction.
modified live culture vaccine?
virulence decreased by multiple passage through different animal hosts or laboratory culture. still provokes strong immunologic response, but less likely to cause disease in recipient compared to live vaccine
killed vaccines
dead organism, cannot replicate. often provokes weaker immune response, shorter lived immunity but cannot cause disease in host
- used commonly
- need to inject more since it cannot replicate
recombinant vaccines
made from the immunogenic portion of the organism whose genetic code has been inserted into a laboratory vector and produced in the lab
DNA/RNA vaccines
DNA/RNA of an immunogenic portion of the agent is used as the vaccinal antigen
what are the practical considerations of vaccinating?
-Live and modified live vaccines contain living organisms that need to replicate in host cells to
produce immunity. Improper handling can result in killing of the agent, and inability of the agent to
multiply in the host, resulting in suboptimal immune response to the vaccine. Store these vaccines
according to manufacturers’ directions and recommendations (e.g., typically refrigerate but keep
from freezing).
- Booster doses (additional vaccine doses) are often necessary to stimulate memory response
(provoke longer lasting immunity and quick response to re-exposure )
- If young animals have passive immunity (from maternal antibody) they may not
respond to vaccination (pre-made antibodies bind to antigen, so a new
immunological response is not made).
what are the options for vaccination if young animals have passive immunity?
Can wait until passive immunity is gone to vaccinate (risky)
Can give multiple doses of vaccine over several months to insure that at least some of
the vaccine is given at a time when passive immunity has decreased sufficiently to
allow vaccine to work (safer, but more expensive). This is what is commonly done in
veterinary practice today for puppies.
Alternatively, can measure the levels of antibodies present to each agent (titer) but
this is even more expensive
Standard puppy vaccinations
DHLPP (know components:
distemper, hepatitis,
leptospirosis, parainfluenza,
parvovirus)
Standard kitten vaccine:
FVRCP
(know components: Feline viral
rhinotracheitis, calicivirus,
panleukopenia)
What are the other common dog and cat vaccines
-rabies ( not given till 3-4 months years old then given every 3 years)
- feline leukemia
-k9 influenza (if at risk)
signalment
about the animal ( description of the animal including species, breed, gender, and age)
History about the illness
what are the key clinical signs, what organs seem to be involved, how long has it been going on, are other animals in the house sick
what is a differential diagnosis
list of most likely cause of the problem no more then 5 things should have a top 3
what are the steps of making a diagnosis?
-Signalment- about the animal
- History-about the illness
- Physical Exam- general and system specific if indicated
-Create Differential Diagnosis- List of most likely cause of the problem
- Use testing to rule in or rule out your differentials (most likely causes)
- If your top differentials are ruled out, look for less common causes of
the clinical signs (zebras)
What is the definition of antigen?
A substance that the immune system perceives as being foreign or dangerous the body combats an antigen with the production of an antibody
what is the definition of antibody?
an immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein, produced because of the introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability t combine with the very antigen that triggered its production
what is an antibody titer?
the amount of antibodies in a volume of serum.
A positive antibody response may be present if
- the animal is currently infected with the disease agent
- the animal has previously had the disease and has antibodies to that infection
- the animal was previously vaccinated against that infectious agent
what does a positive antigen test indicate?
it indicates the presence of the infectious agent itself in the tissue tested in that moment of time
( infectious agents are not in every tissue so you would need to know where the infection would be
How long does it take for IgG antibodies to be measurable?
10+ days
paired serology
paired serum samples usually 3-4 weeks apart to look for a rising titer level to indicated active infection vs previous exposure or vaccination antibody titer
serial dilution with antibody titer
- helps determine antibody concentration levels
- the smaller fraction the more titer
agglutination tests
What is it? and What does it test for?
Killed antigen is added to a sample sample (serum or milk) with antigen
able to see with naked eye if antibodies clump with antigens antibody is present in it does not clump no antibodies are present.
Test for antibodies
Indirect immune fluorescent antibody test
Antigen coated wells on a special slide;
serially dilute patient serum and add to
the wells; incubate (if ab to ag present,
binding occurs), rinse off unbound ab,
apply second antibody (usually anti-
species antibody) conjugated with
fluorescent dye, rinse, look for color
(fluorescence) under microscope; the
more you can dilute out the patient
serum and still see the fluorescent
glows, the more ab is present, the
higher the titer.
ELSIA
What is it?
What does it test?
tests for antibodies
- ELISA; similar theory to IFA,
uses enzymatic color
markers instead of
fluorescent, read
automatically on a plate
reader (eg more automated
procedure, faster, vs IFA)
- There are many variations
on the ELISA theme (Ag
capture ELISA, for example) - Quantitative test (eg result is
a titer, and indication of the
AMOUNT of antibody
present
Western blot
What is it? what does it test for?
Antibodies
Immunoblot or Western Blot: Qualitative test
- Detects antibodies produced against specific proteins
(antigens) of an infectious agent
-More sensitive and specific than elisa and ifa
-Infectious agent (eg, bacteria) is separated into
individual protein components by electrophoresis, and
transferred onto nitrocellulose strips.
-Patient serum (at one single dilution) is added to the
strips, and antibodies the patient made to specific
proteins of the infectious agent will bind to that
protein.
- After rinsing, a color reagent is added, and antibodies
present show up as “bands” on the strip.
What is the gold standard for antigen testing?
Culture 2 types (bacterial (gel plate) and viral (liquid layer of cells on bottom if dies virus is there)
What are the limitations of culture
- takes time (a day to 2 day to several weeks depending on the agent)
- need to know the agents suspected in order to select the correct media
- some infectious agents can’t be cultured and can only grow in the host
Direct fluorescent antibody tests
What does it test for?
What is it?
tests for antigen
Impression smear or other specimen from
patient applied to microscopic slide
Antibodies specific to the infectious agent
(eg virus, bacteria) you wish to detect are
applied to the slide
Antibodies will bind to the infectious agent, if
present
A color development solution (conjugated
antibody, such as fluorocein dye) is applied
to slide, binds to attached antibodies, to
make it visible
polymerase chain reaction
What is it?
What does it test for?
tests for antigens
PCR (testing for DNA or
RNA of the agent). (makes copies of it each cycle)
Very sensitive (can pick
up very low copy
numbers of DNA or RNA
Can be very specific
(depending on primers
chosen)
Will detect genetic
material from live or dead
infectious agents
Various related
techniques available
lower number of cycles needed the more antigens there were in the first place
Where does most absorption take place
jejunum
where does hay get digested in a horse?
digested in cecum and large intestine using microbes to break down cellulose into volatile faty acids
how long does stuff like hay stay in the rumen
3-4 days
definition of appetite
a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need for food
pica
depraved appetite (eating something that is not food like plastic, nails, there poop)
what is the difference between a brachydont tooth and hypsodont
hypsodont tooth is deep and keeps on growing
what are the general signs of dental abnormalities in animals (4) and why
- abnormal chewing (quitting could be a sharp tooth)
- weight loss (not swallowing food if they don’t chew properly they can’t bark food up with salivary enzymes so it can’t be absorbed)
- poor coat dull and decreased shedding (not getting proper nutrients)
- whole grain in manure (not chewing right)
capping
deciduous tooth cap sticks to the permanent tooth as it erupts messing up the alignment of top and bottom arcade
treatment- remove cap by popping it off with a flat head screw driver
double k-9 teeth
permanent canine tooth comes in next to deciduous one
stuff can get stuck between teeth causing infections and cavity
treat by removing the less developed tooth
sharp edges
common in horses, sheep, and goats
sharp edges on the outer surface of the upper arcade, inner surface of the lower arcade
treat by floating teeth
prevent by checking and floating teeth annually for adult horses
can cause cuts and lesions in cheek and tongue
sheer mouth
extreme version of sharp edges
usually seen in sheep since they don’t get looked at often for teeth checks since a lot of people have so many of them
no chewing surface left which leads to severe weight loss
no good treatment just feed mushy food and float the teeth as much as you can
dental fistula
draining tooth access
happens in horses, dogs, cats, cows, and other animals
causes a pocket of infection, walled off. bacteria/pus
treatment by removal of tooth or root canal
antibiotics will make is better but won’t cure it
Choke
Foreign body gets stuck in the esophagus
EX: potatoes corn cobs, apples
Choke in a cow
pathogenesis is the most serious
Needs to be full block to be life threatening
going to eat, mix in rumen 3-4 days, then burp if something is completely blocking the esophagus they can’t burp and the gas stays in the rumens pressing on everything including the aorta decreasing circulation
if cranial 1/3 of esophagus reach arm in and grab it. If distal remove via rumenotomy (making a hole in the rumen)
What can cause choke in a dog or cat
marrow bone or sewing needle
what does choke look like in horses?
choke is not a medical emergency for horses
usually a lump of grain blocking esophagus
diagnostic by stomach tube or endoscope treat by sedating the horse pass stomach tube or endoscope and break up grain ball by massaging don’t use oil and surgery is the last resort because the esophagus can gain a lot of scar tissue and not stretch anyone.
choke in dogs and cats
clinical signs drooling, gagging, and cannot swallow
diagnosis- X-rays and endoscopy if needed X-rays only show opaque things.
Treatment removal with endoscopy if needle surgery is needed
Gastritis/ gastroenteritis
infection/ inflammation of gastric mucosa or gastric and intestinal mucosa
clinical signs: vomiting (not in horses since they don’t have reverse peristalsis, diarrhea and vomiting
Etiology dog and cat: Garbage can gastroenteritis eating rotten food and dead things can also be a foreign body
treatment: withhold food or water until vomiting stops (12-24) hours then give a few tablespoons of tepid water if they keep it down add a few tablespoons of bland food (plain ground meat/ white rice) also can give peptobismol to dogs after vomiting has stopped but not cats since It has salicylates
pepto could cause black stool if stool is black without pepto could indicate bleeding in the small intestine
Ruminant bloat ( Etiology, TX )
Etiology: many causes, CH overload, bad feed, toxins, choke.
visible signs: left side distention
TX: raise the front end, have them bite something like a broom handle, give anti ferments, or Antigas meds. use balling gun to give medication or bulb syringe for liquid medication
If that does not work do a trocar (makes a hole in the rumen the plastic part of canola stays on the outside and needle gets taken out) or rumenotomy to relieve the pressure should be last resort
Hardware disease (Etiology,CS,DX,TX, Surgical, Prevention)
Etiology- sharp object (nail, wire…) is swallowed
pathogenesis- punctures diaphragm, pericarditis, usually occurs late pregnancy due to the baby pushing the rumen and reticulum against the diaphragm puncturing the pericardial sak infecting that area.
CS: cow reluctant to move, stands with elbows wide and feet in gutter to stand elevated, fever due to infection (decreases appetite)
DX: splashy heat sounds, grunt test (one potato 2 potato hit below reticulum if grunts then yes), jugular pulse ( the jugular is a vein which means it should not have a pulse if it has a pulse and see a ripple of blood moving back toward jugular vein
TX: antibiotics to treat the infection, elevate front end hope the infection will wall itself off.
surgical: rumenotomy, try to remove foreign body
Prevention: given magnet orally at approximately 101/2 years old make sure not to give more than one magnet if more then one they can clamp the tissue cutting off circulation. Can check if there’s a magnet by putting compass under reticulum if spins then there is a magnet.
LDA (Left displaced abomasum) Etiology, predisposing causes, clinical signs, TX, Surgical options)
Etiology- usually occurs a few weeks postpartum
Predisposing causes:
- first few weeks after giving birth uterus pushes rumen up and abomasum to the left
- may be post party hypocalcemia which occurs in most dairy cows causes poor tone of smooth muscle and abomasum not contracting well this causes increased gas in the abomasum, gas rises so the abomasum rises
- post partum feeding includes increasing grain and feed which produces more gas and VFAS, gas rises
Clinical Signs / Dx
Post partum dairy cow (usually up to a month post partum)
Usually normal temperature
Decreased appetite
Decreased milk production
Decreased rumen contractions
Scant feces, slab sided on left
“Ping” when auscult / percuss
Usually secondary ketosis from anorexia
DDx hardware dz/ indigestion
TX: -Increase roughage (decrease grain), give Carmalax (rumenatoric), Caffeine, Ca++ - may
move gas and ingesta, allowing abomasum to return to normal position: may resolve, but
often reoccurs
-Rolling Cow (LDA only!!)
Lay cow on R side, roll her up on back, rock back and forth to encourage gas filled abomasum to
rise , gently down on L. May reoccur.
- If you don’t do surgery it can reoccur.
Surgical options:
-Blind tack (sew) abomasum to ventral body wall (in normal position) (so won’t reoccur)
-Endoscopic placement of tack (exact placement of abomasal tack)
Between rumen and body wall
RDA ( right displaced abomasum) Etiology, problem, CS, TX
Between intestines and body wall
Etiology- usually occurs a few weeks postpartum
Problem - Torsion (twist of abomasum, RTA) more likely with
RDA than LDA - abomasum flips on axis like hammock
decreased circulation -> shock -> death
CS - if just RDA (eg, no twist), similar to LDA, slab sided on right,
ping on right
if RTA - shocky, cold extremities, pale mm, weak, wobbly,
increased HR, very sick, often circulatory collapse and death
Tx - DO NOT ROLL RDA - may torse (twist) into RTA makes it worse
RDA - Sx to tack abomasum in place –Standing cow procedure often used
RTA - emergency Sx to untwist and tack down, shock
therapy ( fluids, etc.), antibiotics
may die
Canine Gastric Diatation (with canine gastric volvulus (torsion/bloat))
What breeds is it common in? Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, DX, TX, prevention
Most common in large breed deep chested dogs (Great Dane, doberman, German shepherd, etc)
Etiology: unknown some possibilities include air gulping, anatomy (pendulous stomach/ deep chest), post prandial exercise, pyloric (emptying) disfunction, swelling of food in stomach)
Pathogenesis – Dilatation only - full stomach, XS gas
production -> Bloat Dilatation / Volvulus (Torsion) - Dilatation, then stomach flips (twists) on its axis obstructing blood supply - a medical emergency -> shock -> death if not corrected quickly
Clinical signs :vomiting (repetitive) then non productive retching (dry heaves)
Clinical signs with torsion or very severe bloat: shock, bloated appearance, pale leading to brick red mucous membranes, cool extremities, increased heart rate, weakness, death ( brick red worse then pale tissues pretty much dead)
DX: clinical signs/ X-ray, try to pass stomach tube
TX:
- Intensive care, iv fluids, etc (stabilize, treat
shock)
- Try & pass stomach tube, relieve gas (if
simple dilatation)
-Surgical Tx– (many variations) can relieve
bloat by placing foley catheter into stomach
from exterior, and iv fluids to stabilize dog
prior to corrective surgery.
Then do abdominal surgery to un-torse
(untwist) the stomach, and usually
tack it down to abdominal wall to prevent
reoccurrence
prevention: feed 2 times a day smaller meals, no major exercise for 1 hour after eating, moisten food prior to feeding
What do booster vaccines do
“boosters” (repeated doses of the vaccination) keep up antibody levels and
stimulate cell mediated immunity
What does vaccination do?
Injection with infectious agent with a low level of virulence to stimulate immune
response
“boosters” (repeated doses of the vaccination) keep up antibody levels and
stimulate cell mediated immunity
If immune protection already there, animal will not generally become ill when
exposed to the disease
** Vaccination must occur prior to exposure (exception= rabies vaccination (later
in course))
What is a antibody
An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein, produced because of the
introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to
combine with the very antigen that triggered its production.
The production of antibodies is a major function of the immune system and is carried out
by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte). Antibodies can be
triggered by and directed at foreign proteins, microorganisms, or toxins. Some
antibodies are autoantibodies and home in against our own tissues.
gingivitis
Gum infection (bacterial), often secondary to tartar buildup
CS: red, swollen inflamed gums, bad breath; common in
dogs
TX: Clean teeth, antibiotics (veterinarian), to eliminate
infection
Prevention: routine dental cleaning, dental chews, hard
food
