Health and diseases exam 2 content Flashcards
what is peritonitis?
inflammation/ infection of the peritoneal cavity
what is the peritoneum?
the membranous lining of the abdominal cavity closely assoc. w/ abdominal wall. looks like Saran Wrap and holds the sterile fluid (no bacteria)
What is localized peritonitis?
When the body tries to wall off infection by forming a connective tissue wall around It
what is generalized peritonitis?
life threatening infection spreads throughout peritoneal cavity.
what is the etiology/pathogenesis of peritonitis?
- rupture of intestine/stomach/uterus/bladder
- puncture by foreign body
- Necrosis of abdominal structure of organ (intussusception/ liver lobe torsion
- contamination during Sx (iatrogenic)
- infectious disease (FIP)
what is the definition of iatrogenic?
self created (ex: can be from surgery that is not sterile)
what is septicemia?
blood poisoning
what is necrosis?
tissue death
what are the clinical signs of peritonitis?
- abdominal pain (severe), don’t want to move, guard abdominal area by being hunched over
- fever
- anorexia, vomiting, ABD distention
- Toxemia ,septicemia , shock
- colic in horses
cattle (decreased rumination, decreased milk production)
Generalized peritonitis: Very sick animal= death if not treated
localized peritonitis: painful, febrile, ill, recovers with appropriate treatment
Dx for peritonitis
-hugely increased WBC count (leukocytosis)
- X-rays show glass appearance to abdominal contents, poor organ definition
- peritoneal tap done in standing position put needle in then suck out fluid with syringe if easy to get fluid and there is alot of it, its most likely peritonitis.
- may need to do exploratory surgery ( abdominal surgery) to determine the cause of the peritonitis
What is the treatment of peritonitis?
- immediate antibiotics/ fluid Tx to combat shock and fight infection
- surgery is often needed to localize and repair cause (if ruptured organ, foreign body, etc)
intestines: intussusception what is it and who is it most common in?
most common noninfectious intestinal problem in young animals less then 1 year old
What is the etiology of intussusception
unknown, gut (intestinal) irritability may predispose (internal parasites, Gl dz (Parvo, corona in dog, etc)
What is the pathogenesis of intussusception
Pathogenesis - gut becomes hyper irritable,
telescopes inside itself causing partial, then full
obstruction
Get intestinal dilatation proximal to obstruction
Subsequent vascular obstruction can lead to necrosis
-> tissue death and toxic shock
what are the clinical signs of intussusception?
Usually previous Hx of diarrhea, diarrhea
stops ( only have small amount of jelly-like stool)
anorexia
repeated vomiting
dehydration => shock => death over a 1-2 week course of
illness
what is the diagnosis of intussusception?
C.S., abdominal radiographs, age, palpation of
abdomen (can sometimes feel the intussusception)
What is the treatment of intussception?
Surgery - support w/ iv fluids, antibiotics
intestinal resection & anastomosis
treat any predisposing cause (parasites, infection, etc)
What is the prevention of intussusception?
good deworming / vax programs & minimize
digestive upsets
What is neonatal scours of calves
diarrhea
what animal is neonatal scours common in
1-10 day old calves. If treated, calf can dehydrate and die
What is the etiology of neonatal scours?
Etiology - May be primary
enteropathic (toxin producing)
E.coli bacteria, or may also be
concurrent (or primary) viral
(corona/rota viral)
infections
Lack of maternal protective
antibodies predisposes calf to
scours (no colostrum, or dam
(colostrum donor) not exposed to
pathogen)
what is the pathogenesis of neonatal scours?
- Newborn calf (lamb, kid) exposed to pathogenic
E.coli or rotavirus or coronavirus from environment (manure,
feco-oral transmission)
Pathogen colonizes gut lining (enterocytes) and causes output of
fluids and salts (electrolytes) beyond capacity to resorb (gut
epithelial cells are damaged)=> uncontrolled watery diarrhea=>
severe dehydration, decreased urine output, weakness, death
from dehydration (excess blood potassium stops heart)
Gut epithelial lining takes 3-5 days to heal (new cells replace
damaged cells)
Occasionally can lead to septicemia (blood
poisoning: bacteria/viruses penetrate damaged GI epithelial
cells and get into blood stream (very serious); pathogen can
then infect joints, eye (hypopyon), many tissues
what are the clinical signs of neonatal scours?
1-10 day old calf, watery diarrhea, dehydration
what is the diagnosis of neonatal scours?
Can test for pathogens if needed, rarely
done
What is the treatment of neonatal scours?
Goal: to keep calf alive and hydrated until new functional GI
cells replace the old damaged cells
Early on - give oral electrolytes (replace fluid/salt loss ) for 24-48
hrs (stops scours) then gradually change back to milk or milk
replacer. If very bad can give iv fluids + antibiotics
what is the prevention of neonatal scours
Colostrum, 2 liters in first 2 hours of life.
Clean calving environment.
If severe problem can give rota/corona pre-made antibodies at birth;
can also vaccinate colostrum donor with rota/corona virus and E.coli
vaccine 1 month prior to calving to increase antibody levels in
colostrum.
What are the signs of dehydration?
tacky gums, pull up sling and let go if it stay up for a while dehydrated, sunken eyes really deep into head
What does colic mean?
Abdominal pain
what type of colic makes up most of equine colic?
gastrointestinal
where is 80% of equine colic?
large intestine
where is 20% of equine colic?
small intestine and stomach
Is stomach and small intestine colic or large intestine colic more severe?
small intestine and stomach
Why is colic common in horses?
Because of there anatomy
diameter of the gastrointestinal tract ranges from large to small
“hairpin turns” really small diameter
makes obstruction more likely
What are the predisposing causes of simple obstruction?
- Equine GI anatomical features
- decreased water intake
- low fiber diet ( horses need fiber since there energy comes from cellulose)
- Increased chunkiness of food (poor teeth so insufficient chewing, poor quality roughage)
- intestinal parasites (roundworms)
- foreign body (sand from putting hay on sand< enteroliths (roll and layer)
What are the potential causes of strangulating obstruction?
- twist in intestine, cutting off circulation
- entrapment of intestine in other abdominal structure
- external strangulation of intestine such as with pendunculated lipoma ( fatty tumor benign)
What are the clinical signs of equine colic?
- kicking at abdomen
- looking at abdomen
- stretching (relives some of the pressure)
- rolling
- anorexia (food is backed up so don’t want to eat)
- not making much manure
- increased heart rate due to stress
- increased respiratory rate due to stress
- fever if strangulation
What is the diagnosis of equine colic
- clinical signs
- evaluate severity and likelihood of strangulation or rupture
- pain level (usually given IV inflammation medicine to see if gets rid of pain)
- mucous membrane color, CRT (capillary refill time push of gums release see how long it take to turn back pink should be 1-2 seconds not longer
- rectal palpitation (feel for things that shouldn’t be in large intestine
- response to pain medication (if don’t respond well more severe)
- peritoneal tap if indicated (look for rupture
What is medical treatment for simple obstruction? (equine colic)
- laxatives (eg mineral oil via stomach tube
- stool softener
- pain control drugs (ex: bute)
- iv fluids if needed (to provide more fluid)
- hand walk to enhance GI movement (for hours makes gut move–> NEED TO DO IT)
Surgical treatment for strangulating obstruction/rupture
abdominal exploratory to detect and correct problem if possible
What does dog sitting in horses indicate?
- gastric stomach colic
- need to get vet to make sure not stomach rupture
What is the prevention for equine colic?
- good quality, consistent feed
- reasonable amounts of grain, multiple small meals, regular time schedule
- high quality hay in reasonable amounts (roughage/fiber
- always have water available
When is most water consumed in horses?
80% of water consumed is consumed within 2 hours of eating
What type of disease is Lyme diseases an example of?
multi-systemic disease which means it effects multiple body systems
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease (spelling counts)
Borrelia Burgdorferi (gram negative spirochetal bacterium)
Why is Borrelia burgdorferi difficult to culture?
- requires enriched liquid BSK media
- microaerophilic conditions (does not like too much air)
- take a long time (sometimes up to a month
What is Borrelia burgdorferi sensitive to?
- dehydration
- heat
- does not survive freely in the environment
What is the vector for Lyme disease?
Ixodes specie of ticks
How long is the lifecycle for a tick?
2 years, 3 stages
can BB be tranovarial transmitted?
no if a mother tick is infected with BB and lays eggs the eggs will not be infected.
What are the common reservoir hosts of borellia burgdorferi?
While footed mice (keeps the infection going)
White tail deer (place for adult female ticks to mate)
How long do ticks need to feed before transmitting BB to the host?
12+ hours
Larva stage (what season, how tall can it crawl, what hosts)
- summer
- can crawl one inch on vegetation
- takes blood meal from either bird or rodent then mults to nymph
Nymph stage ( what season, how tall can it crawl, what host)
- spring
- can climb vegetation 6 inches
- take blood meal if infected as larva they transmit Lyme disease to host
- have the chance to be get BB from blood meal
- mult into adult
- people, foxes, maybe deer
Adult stage (what season, how tall can it crawl, what host)
- Fall
- can climb about a foot up vegetation
- stays till male inseminates
- if don’t get meal in the fall will quest for meal in the spring
- eggs laid in the spring
- sometimes people, but mainly deer and animals like foxes
Do males ticks suck blood?
No
What ticks are the most common in southern New England
Ixodes scapulars (deer tick) –> may spread Lyme disease
Dermacentor Variabilis (dog tick –> unlikely to spread Lyme disease
How to tell if a tick is a Deer tick (common vector of Lyme disease)
- all brown
- long mouth parts
- smaller in size then dog ticks
- blood filled adult ticks may be fairly large
How to tell if a tick is a Dog tick (not likely to transmit Lyme disease)
- brown body with white stripes near the mouth parts (female)
- brown body with white stripes on back (male)
- larger than deer ticks
What is the pathogenesis for Lyme disease?
Uninfected tick bites (usually reservoir, such as
infected mouse) host, ingests blood containing Bb
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) present within the
infected tick multiply and modify their surface
proteins, then migrate to the tick’s salivary glands
Infected tick bites the next host, and Bb secreted
by tick into skin; local infection follows
Takes 12-24 hours of feeding before Bb is
transmitted
Who can get a skin rash from tick infected with BB?
- humans
- cattle
- rabbits
Who cannot get a skin rash from tick infected with BB?
- Dogs
-Cats - Horses
Where may BB persist?
- joints, central nervous system (can cross blood brain barrier, connective tissue)
What are the clinical signs of Lyme disease? (human)
Early skin rash (~70% of people)
* Early flu like symptoms (fever, aching joints, headache,
fatigue) (first month after infection)
* Neurological involvement (peripheral neuropathies;
cognitive dysfunction) (1-6 months after infection)
* Later symptoms include arthritis (joint inflammation) and
arthralgia (joint pain) (months to years after infection)
* Diagnosis can be difficult- non-specific symptoms and
suboptimal dx tests
* Treatment is most successful in early stages of disease
clinical disease of Lyme disease dogs
Acute onset of systemic febrile disease with
whole body weakness, malaise, depression
(dishrag)
– Less severe waxing and waning lameness,
often in carpus or hock, with or without obvious
swelling; usually also has low grade fever (102.5
F); can look like injury, but no radiographic
changes
– Some breeds (retrievers, etc) may rarely develop
renal disease, renal failure
– Only ~ 5% of infected dogs develop clinical
disease
Clinical disease of Lyme disease horses?
Clinical signs in approximately 9% of infected horses,
others subclinical infection
* Primary clinical complaint: shifting large joint lameness (eg
not usually in the hoof)
* Behavior change (crabby, unwilling to work) common
clinical sign; Sensitivity to touch, saddle, other stimuli
* Need to rule out other causes of lameness (differential
diagnosis)
* Negative serology (Bb antibody testing) can help rule out
Lyme disease in horses; positive serology supports a
clinical diagnosis
What is the diagnosis for Lyme disease?
- Symptoms (clinical signs)
- History of tick exposure (geographical likelihood)
- Differential diagnosis (rule out other diseases
with similar symptoms/clinical signs) - Laboratory testing (to support or minimize
likelihood of Lyme disease dx) - Response to treatment (clinical and laboratory)
Laboratory testing for Lyme disease
Serological (antibody) Tests (Elisa, IFA, Western Blot)
– Antibody titers (levels) are often not detectable until 3-4 weeks
after infection (tick bite)
* Antigen (Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria) Tests (Specialized culture
to grow Bb in the lab), PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to detect
DNA of B.burgdorferi))
– Limitations (difficult to culture, Bb not present in blood for long
so PCR of blood of limited value)
* Magnitude of serological response (eg how high the antibody titer
is) does not correlate with degree of illness
* Domestic animals often have subclinical infection (eg infected with
Bb but do not show clinical disease)
Treatment for Lyme disease
- Treatment (certain antibiotics) is most effective if given early
(first month) in course of disease - Doxycycline family antibiotic TX most common, 3-4 weeks most
common (other regimens possible) - Chronic / recurrent Bb infection: other antibiotics may be used:
treatment length may be extended - Jarrish Herxheimer reaction can occur (<5%) and may
precipitate temporary worsening of CS for a few days after start
of treatment –careful of laminitis in horses, check feet ( do not take off of antibiotics give antinflammatories) - Humans: some individuals experience post-Lyme syndrome:
immune mediated inflammation after resolution of infection
