nutrion exam 1 content Flashcards
What are the 6 essential ingested nutrients?
- proteins
-carbohydrates - minerals
- vitamins
- water
- fats
What is the definition of essential?
A nutrient your body need but can’t make so we need to get it from other sources
Do all animals require the same amount of drinking water?
Why or why not?
No not all animals require the same amount of drinking water.
This is due to animals all being different sizes, the environment there in and whether it is warmer climates or cooler, where they get there water from food, or drinking water.
List 3 sources of water within your body
- metabolic water
- drinking it
- feed
Definition of osmosis
flow of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
What is the function of mesentery
connective tissue that holds organs in the correct location (ex: it holds the small intestine in the right place)
What is the definition of prehension?
picking up food into the mouth
What is the definition of mastication?
chewing food breaking it down
What is the definition of deglutition?
swallowing
what is the definition of peristalsis?
involuntary movement that pushes food down the esophagus and digestive tract
what is the definition of digestion
the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.
what is the definition of fermentation
Fermentation is another anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose, one that’s performed by many types of organisms and cells
What is the definition of absorption
absorbing nutrients mainly takes place in the small intestine but water and vitamins are also absorbed in the large intestine
excretion
getting rid of the waste
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine and each of there functions
Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum
duodenum- secretes digestive enzymes and get enzymes from the pancreas for digestion
jejunum and ileum- absorption
Where does fermentation take place in each animal
human- large intestine
cow- rumen
chicken- cecum
horses- cecum and large intestine
what is the relationship between microbiota and host
symbiosis
we provide the ma place to live and grow and they provide things for digestion and our immune system
how do microbial populations differ in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract over the life time of the animal
In the stomach 1x10^4
In the colon 1x10^11
The microbiome of an infant and a elderly person and much less diverse and stable than a adults
as we get older the bacteria in the small intestine change from microbes that prefer oxygen to those that can survive with less oxygen
What affects microbes in the gastrointestinal tract?
- diet
- genes of the host
- age
- health status
What are the functions of carbohydrates in a plant
- energy storage ( starch and sugar)
- structural (cellulose)
what are the functions of carbohydrates in an animal
storage in the form of glycogen
energy in the form of glucose
how do glycogen, starch, and cellulose differ
cellulose has alternating OH bonds making it stronger holding the structure of plants
starch and glycogen have all the OH bonds on the same side
how are glycogen, starch, and cellulose the same
They are all made up of CH2O ( made up of glucose monomers)
What types of carbohydrates are absorbed
where is each type of carbohydrate absorbed
what is the definition of metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
where are carbohydrates stored in an animal body
extra glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen
what form are carbohydrates stored in
glycogen
definition of glycolysis
breaking down glucose
definition of glycogenesis
making new glycogen
definition of glycogenolysis
breaking glycogen down to make glucose
definition of Krebs cycle
definition of oxidative phosphorylation
definition of gluconeogenesis
What are 3 factors that increase water intake?
-physiological state
- exercise
- environment ( hot ambient temperature)
What does HCL do
stimulates the release of enzymes and converts pepsinogen to its active form pepsin
What does pepsin do
denature proteins by breaking the covalent bonds between the amino acids
What does mucus do in digestion
The mucus shields the stomach wall from the digestive enzyme pepsin’s self-digestion as well as the acidic quality of the gastric juice.
What does the stomach produce for digestion
HCL,Pepsin, and mucus
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
mouth. teeth ( break down food physically), esophagus( transports food to the stomach), pancreas (releases enzymes into the small intestine), liver (to make and secrete bile and to process and purify the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are coming from the small intestine.)
what is the function of the crop
stores the food and gets it wet
what is the function of the proventriculus
true stomach (HCL and pepsin)
What is the function of the gizzard
Chickens teeth (grit and small stone help muscles in gizzards to grind up food)
how is sucrose digested and absorbed
sucrose is broken down in the duodenum by sucrase it is then absorbed in the jejunum
where is starch digested
the breakdown of starch begins in the mouth with the release of salviatory amylase it then continues to be digested in the duodenum before it is reabsorbed in the jejunum and ileum
Where is cellulose absorbed
cellulose Is either digested in the rumen, cecum and large intestine, or just the large intestine depending on the animal. It is broken down by bacteria
what is the definition of oxidative phosphorylation?
a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
what is the definition of the Krebs cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
What is a VFA
-Volatile fatty acid
Volatile fatty acids provide an energy source for herbivorous species, such as rabbits, that utilize bacterial fermentation as part of the digestive process.
where are insulin and glucagon produced
pancreas
what is the structure of an amino acid
- amino group HHN
- r group
- carboxyl group
- hydrogen
all attached to a carbon
what are the ten required amino acids
- phenylalanine
- valine
- threonine
-trypytophan - isoleucine
- methionine
-histidine
-arginine - leucine
- lysine
What extra amino acid do cats require
taurine
compare the amount of energy contained in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
lipids have more energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates
what is the structure of saturated fats
saturated fats have no double bonds and stack on top of each other nicely
( solid at room temp)
what is the structure of unsaturated fats
unsaturated fats have double bonds and do not stack on top of each other nicely
( liquid at room temp)
what is the structure of polyunsaturated fatty acids
a chain that has more than one carbon with double bonds
what is the structure of a triacylglycerol
3 fatty acid chains
what are the functions of lipids in an animals body
they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.
How does bile enhance lipid digestion
they help with a process called emulsification. This is where the lipids are broken down into smaller fat globules this makes it so they can be broken down by enzymes.
Where are biles made
liver
where is bile stored
gallbladder
what is the activity of pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic lipase is usually secreted by the pancreas and transferred to the duodenum to participate in the hydrolysis and digestion of fat. This breaks it down into 2 free fatty acids and 1 monacylglycerol
What is a micelle?
a fatty acid coated in glycerol which is coated in bile salt
how are lipids absorbed across intestinal cells?
they are first emulsified they then are digested in the small intestine once they are digested they are absorbed in the jejunum released into the blood stream where they then go to the liver.
How do hydrophobic lipids travel through the blood?
the lipids are covered in protein to form a chylomicron
where is lipoprotein lipase located in the body
it is located in the capillary walls of the heart tissue
What does lipoprotein lipase do?
Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that degrades circulating triglycerides in the bloodstream
How is protein metabolism connected to carbohydrate metabolism?
they all connect pathways with glucose catabolism
Describe protein catabolism and synthesis within an animal.
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. The steps of protein synthesis include transcription, translation, and post translational modifications.
What is the definition of gross energy?
How much energy is in a sample of food
How is gross energy of a feed measured?
bomb calorimetry
heat produced by oxidation of food
calorie= heat required to increase one gram of water 1 degree celsius
Calorie= 1000 little calories
How does the gross energy of the three major nutrients utilized for energy compare to one another?
CHO= 4.1 Kcal/ gram
protein= 5.65 Kcal/gram
Lipid= 9.45 Kcal/gram
What is digestible energy?
the amount of energy in the feed minus the amount of energy lost in the feces
How is digestible energy measured?
feeding a test diet to several cows for at least 2 weeks and then measuring total feed intake and total fecal output or estimating fecal output using a digestibility marker.
What is the composition of fecal energy?
is composed of undigested feedstuffs, microbes, cells that break down and bacteria.
heat from fermentation
What is metabolizable energy?
the amount of energy available to the body from food after accounting for the obligatory energy losses, mostly in stool and urine
How is metabolized energy measured?
collecting all gases to see how much energy is lost
What is net energy used for in the animal?
Basal metabolism
Maintenance requirement
Lactation
Growth, exercise, reproduction, fattening
What is heat of fermentation and heat increment?
heat of fermentation is heat produced by microbes
heat increment is heat produced in animal cells.
What animal activities are included in basal metabolism?
breathing, heart pumping, brain function, and basic movement.
What are 2 things that affect basal metabolic rate?
age, gender (males have higher metabolic rate), species/ breed ( grey hound uses more energy then black lab (genetics) )
How would you define an animals maintenance requirement?
energy required for normal movement etc. above basal metabolism
what factors affect an animals maintenance requirement
where your getting food do you have to walk far animals that have to walk farther have a higher maintenance requirement.
compare and contrast dietary energy losses between a cow and a pig?
Since a pig is non ruminant and a cow is a ruminant there are much higher losses in the ruminant
ruminant largest lost is through fecal
How/ when do hormones regulate glucose metabolism?
B cells insulin (high blood glucose , insulin stimulates storage/ use of glucose, and decreasing blood concentrations
A cells glucagon (low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis( making new glucose form VFA or amino acids), lipolysis, proteolysis
Which hormones regulate growth? What factors affect growth?
growth hormone which is released from the anterior pituitary gland it stimulates the release of IGF (insulin growth factor)
young animals have more growth hormones
How do thyroid hormone and leptin affect the rate of metabolism?
leptin - helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and increases energy expendure
Your thyroid’s main job is to control the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate) more thyroid hormone speeds up metabolism
What are the effects of too little or too much thyroid hormone?
Too little thyroid hormone, and the individual tends to feel mentally sluggish, while too much induces anxiety and nervousness
What is the definition of macro mineral?
macro minerals are minerals that we need to eat in quantities of at least 100 ppm
Which macro minerals are stored in bone tissue?
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
Which macrominerals are used as electrolytes?
chlorine
potassium
sodium
Once an animal reaches mature size, why would it still need to consume CA,P and Mg
because of mineral turnover. The minerals are consistently broken down and remade
How is Ca homeostasis controlled in an animals body?
when dietary calcium increases, the percent absorption decreases
vitamin D increases calcium adoration since vitamin is needed to absorb calcium
controlled by parathyroid hormone which is Ade by parathyroid gland it increases blood calcium by increasing GIT absorption and release from bone
calcitonin made by thyroid gland decreases blood Ca by inhibiting release from bone
What could Ca and P deficiency cause?
poor muscle contraction
abnormal bone development (long bones bend “bowed legs”)
muscle tetany ( milk fever) ( crisis situation blood levels dip too low signs include falling down and not being able to get up, and low milk production. Blood calcium is low due to milk production. treatment is giving IV calcium make sutra not to give it too fast because it can cause arrhythmias
Why would a nutritionist not over feed P in a mono gastric diet ?
- if we eat too much we can have deficiency symptoms
- extras are secreted in urine
How are Na, K, and Cl used in the body?
Na/K ATPase
- membrane transport protein
- requires ATP
- 3 Na out of cell/ 2 K into cell
Acid Base balance
- maintaining pH of body fluids [H+]
HCL
- denaturing dietary protein in stomach
- lethal to microbes in stomach
What is the definition of a vitamin?
- organic
- contained in foods
- essential
- not synthesized by the animal in sufficient amount
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B and C
What are the sources of Vitamin A
meat and milk
What are the sources of Vitamin D
- ergosterol (D2) plants
- 7- dehydrocholesterol(D3)- animals
- sunlight
What are the sources of vitamin E?
- Green plants (chloroplasts)
- oil
- small amounts in animal fats
- alpha tocopherol (most active form)
What are the sources of Vitamin K?
- Green plants
- Bacteria (ruminants, coprophagy, LI absorption
What are the sources of Vitamin B?
- Thiamine (produced by bacteria, fungi, plants sources include yeast, unpolished grains, and pork)
- Riboflavin B2 ( sources include leafy green vegetables, milk, meat, and unpolished grains)
- Niacin B3 (sources include yeast, meat, and unprocessed grains)
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?
In the small intestines using micelles
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Absorbed in Small intestine through passive and active transport
What are the functions of vitamin A?
-eye ( component of Rods/ cones of retina)
- epithelial cells growth (keratinized skin)
What are the functions of vitamin D?
-Ca/P homeostasis- intestinal absorption, release from bone, kidney excretion
-increase function of immune cells
What is the function of vitamin E?
- Antioxidant (gets rid of free radicals. Free radicals damage membranes and break down cells)
- neuromuscular function
What is the function of vitamin K?
blood clotting
What is the function of thiamine?
-energy metabolism
- neuronal effects
what is the function of riboflavin?
coenzyme (ATP production)
What is the function of niacin?
Coenzyme (NAD/NADP- electron transport carrier)
what is the function of vitamin C?
- coenzyme (electron transport, collagen synthesis, antioxidant
What are the symptoms of niacin toxicity?
- acute (all of a sudden)
- flushing ( blood rushing to face)
- Gastrointestinal pain
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
night blindness/ blindness
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
weak bones
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
not being able to walk in a coordinated fashion
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Blood not clotting
What are the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency?
anorexia (lack of appetite)
Do you normally get toxicity from vitamin B?
No, because you usually excrete extra in urine
What are the symptoms of thiamine deficiency?
can’t bring in pyruvate so you can’t get all ATP
what are the signs of deficiency in riboflavin B2?
- anorexia
- low weight gain
- thrifty (looks tired, shaggy hair)
What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
Which type of carbohydrate is a structural fiber?
cellulose
How do C3 and C4 grasses differ?
C3 grasses are higher protein less fiber where C4 grasses are higher fiber lower protein.
C4 grasses have a more efficient photosynthesis rate
What is the climate for C3 grasses?
cool, moist or hot, moist climate
What is the climate for C4 grasses?
Hot, Dry, or moist climate (tropical)
Why are legumes higher in crude protein than grasses?
- bacteria in root nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen
- leaves are higher in CP
What are two factors when determining the optimal time to harvest forages?
digestibility and yield
what is the optimal time to harvest forages?
between boot prebud and heading bud
What are the 3 micro minerals?
Iron, copper, selenium
What are the symptoms of copper toxicity?
-increased free hemoglobin in urine
- jaundice
- primarily affects sheep
What are the symptoms of iron toxicity?
-iron overload
- anemia
What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity?
- blind stagger
- death
What are the warm season grasses?
elephant grass, bermudagrass, corn
What are the cool season grasses?
Timothy, bluegrass
What are the 6 macro minerals?
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
chlorine
potassium
sodium
what is a symptom of phosphorus deficiency
pica, reproductive failure, rickets
too much can damage kidneys
what are the functions of copper?
- Fe absorbtion
- collagen synthesis
- hair, wool growth
- bone weakness
What are the functions of selenium
- enzymes
- pancreas function related to pancreatic lipase
what are the symptoms of selenium deficiency ?
white muscle disease—> skeletal and cardiac
- death
What is the function of iron?
- hemoglobin
- myoglobin
- cytochrome (atp production)
What is the definition of omnivore
an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.
What does it mean to be a carnivore
only eats meat
How can sustainability of pet food be increased
- plant material, byproducts
- insects
What are the advantages/ disadvantages of feeding your dog/cat a raw meat diet, vegan, or grain free diet?
Raw meat:
- bacteria contamination (Salmonella)
Vegan:
- owner interest
- less carbon footprint
Grain-free:
- enlarged hearts (cardiomyopathies)
What factors can increase obesity in pets
Lack of exercise, snacks, people food
Describe the feeding management over the lifetime of a beef animal in a production situation
weaning 6-9 month old (80-500 lbs)
seasonal calving, grass fed
Growing phase (500-750 lbs)
9-16 month old
increase frame size
grass fed, grain supplements
Finishing phase (750-1200 lbs)
16 month old
100% grain diet
How does feeding on pasture vs confinement change animal growth and health?
if not enough nutrients poor beef quality.
How do feedlot and grass finished rations differ? What is the impact of beef quality?
grass fed more expensive grain fed more fat
What is colostrum and why should it be fed within the first 24 hours to calves
the first milk they can’t absorb the antibodies after 24 hours
Why do farmers feed milk replacer to pre weaned calves
more convenient and has all of the required nutrients
describe the difference between feeding lactating and dry dairy cows
lactating cows get TMR,PMR, water, and trace mineral Block
Dry cows get more nutrients for growing fetus
describe common dairy cow nutritional diseases
acidosis, ketosis, bloat, milk fever (low blood calcium)
why do we body condition cows
as a common scale can help determine if they are missing nutrients
describe the nutritional changes over the life cycle of sheep and goats
new born lamb- colostrum, creep feeding
What nutritional diseases are common in these species
what is unique about camelid nutrition
filter feeders
cylindrical teeth, carnivores, swallow food whole
what types of food do manatees eat
herbivores
why are marine animals large in size
water supports the weight of the animal
why do manatees live in warm water and why can’t large marine mammals survive in cold waters
they live in warm water because they need less nutrients since they don’t need to use energy to keep them warm
What are the 3 reasons that antibiotics are fed to animals raised for food or food products
-prevent disease
-cure disease
-promote growth
Why is there an animals drug withdrawal period before meat and milk products can be sold for human consumption
bc the antibiotic will stay in the body, then go into whoever consumes the animal product
Why is it desirable to decrease the usage of antibiotics in livestock? What other additives may be used in there place?
human food safety
animal safety
ensure production of effective additives
reduce environmental impacts
other feed additives
Give 3 examples of types of feed additives
*feed additives dont provide nutrients
-probiotics
-MGA (melengestral acetate; hormones for beef heifers to increase growth, inhibit estrus)
-Ionophores (to beef cattle, improve rumen fermentation efficiency)
-coccidiostats (coccidia = bacteria causing diarrhea & death)
