Nutrition (Exam 2) Flashcards
What is nutritional status?
balance between nutrient intake and nutrient requirements (affected by physiologic, psychosocial, developmental, cultural and economic factors)
Demographics of obesity
• 16% of children ages 2-19 are overweight in the US
• OVER 70% OF ADULTS (non-hispanic black)
• 1 in 5 adults expected by 2025
Developmental Competence: Infants
• lose weight during first few days of life
• double weight by 4 months
• triple birthweight by a year
Developmental Competence: Adolescents
• rapid physical growth and hormonal changes
• caloric and protein requirements increase
• girls double body weight between 8-14; boys 10-17
Developmental Competence: Pregnancy
• iron, folate, zinc are essential for fetal growth
What are the food restrictions for Buddhists?
meat, alcohol, pungent spices
What are the food restrictions for Hinduism?
lacto-vegetarian diet favored; no alcohol, garlic, onion, some spicy foods
FASTING ON HOLY DAYS
What are the food restrictions for orthodox judaism?
pork, shellfish, meat not slaughtered by ritual, dairy and meat at same meal, food and drink on Yom Kippur
What is a nutritional screening?
quick and easy way to identify individuals at nutrition risk that includes weight and weight history, conditions associated with increased nutritional risk, diet info, and routine labs
What is a comprehensive nutritional assessment?
for people identified to be at nutritional risk during screening that includes dietary history and clinical information, physical examination, anthropometric measures, and routine labs
What is a 24- hour recall?
easiest and most popular method for obtaining info about dietary intake; asked to recall everything eaten within the last 24 hours
What is a food diary?
records ask the person to write down everything consumed for a certain period, usually 3 days
What is the benefit of direct observation nutritional assessment?
observing feeding and eating processes can detect problems not identified through standard nutrition interviews
Examples of subjective data
- eating patterns
- usual weight
- changes in appetite, taste, smell, chewing or swallowing
- recent surgery, trauma, infections
- chronic illnesses
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
- food allergies or intolerance
- medications or supplements
- PCC
- alcohol or drug use
- exercise or activity patterns
- family history
Additional health history for infants and children?
- gestational nutrition
- breast or bottle fed?
- willingness to eat
- overweight risk factors
Additional health history for adolescents?
- weight
- steroid use?
- overweight factors
- age of first menstruation
Additional health history for pregnant individuals?
- number of pregnancies
- food preferences
Additional health history for aging adults?
- diet changes
- adequate vitamin D and calcium
How do you find percent usual body weight?
current weight divided by usual weight, multiplied by 100
How do you find recent weight change?
usual weight minus current weight, divided by usual weight, multiplied by 100
How to find body mass index?
weight (kg) divided by height (meters squared)
How to find waist-to-hip ratio?
waist circumference divided by hip circumference
6 STEPS FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
- OBTAIN NUTRITION HEALTH HISTORY
- ELICIT DIETARY HISTORY IF INDICATED
- INSPECT SKIN, HAIR, EYES, ORAL CAVITY, NAILS, MUSCULOSKELETAL AND NEUROLOGIC SYSTEMS FOR S/S OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
- MEASURE HEIGHT, WEIGHT, BMI, WC, etc.
- REVIEW RELEVANT LABS
- OFFER TEACHING
What are the 6 anthropometric measures?
- percent usual body weight
- recent weight change
- body mass index
- waist-to-hip ratio
- arm span or total arm length
- serial assessment
