Nutrition de la personne âgée + nutrition et fin de vie (2) Flashcards
Qu’est-ce qu’un patient gériatrique? (Caractéristiques)
- Homéostasie diminuée
- Présentation atypique des maladies
- Pathologies multiples
- Enchevêtrement de facteurs somatiques, psychiques et sociaux
- Une pharmacocinétique différente des sujets jeunes.
Les caractéristiques du patient gériatrique lui confèrent une fragilité particulière face au risque de dénutrition!
Sur quels points (en plus de l’évaluation nutritionnelle) repose l’évaluation gériatrique globale?
- Polymédications
- Troubles de la marche et de l’équilibre (Tinetti, up and go)
- Troubles cognitifs (MMS, CAM, …)
- Dépression (GDS, DSM-IV, Hamilton)
- Douleur (doloplus, INVD), sociale (case management), qol
- Environnement, …
- Evaluation nutritionnelle ?
Patient gériatrique et homéostasie diminuée. Explique.
In an underfeeding study comparing young and old sublects, they observed that the responsiveness of REE (regulation of energy expenditure) to negative balance is attenued in old age
- These data provide further support for the hypothesis that mechanisms of energy regulation are broadly disregulated in old age
- Moreover, the aging process is associated with an increase in fat mass
- The gain of fat mass masks the loss of lean mass.
- Minimal body weight loss results into significant body protein loss
Unintentional weight loss and malnutrition represent a cardinal symptom of frailty in older persons
When a old person looses weight, she also looses proteins, muscle mass and function
Patient gériatrique et présentation atypique des maladies. Explique.
Autres exemples: les personnes âgées peuvent faire de la pneumonie sans fièvre par exemple. Par ailleurs, au niveau de la thyroïde, l’hyperthyroïdie stimule le métabolisme des cellules et on aura donc une perte de poids + polyphagie. Mais en gériatrie, l’hyperT se présente différamment (anorexie).
Le patient gériatrique et les pathologies multiples. Explique.
There is considerable comorbidity among geriatric patients. For example up to two thirds of the patients present heart disease…
This comorbidity has a impact on the eating behaviour and appetite.
(Capture d’écran): A comprehensive geriatric assessment should include an evaluation of the subject’s ability to perform his activities of daily living. This slide represents the results of a study we conducted to assess the ADL of old adults followed in the community by GP. The bars represents the basic ADL of those subjects according to the level of their dependence (absent, intermediar, complete). Note that for those subjects living in community, less than one third of them needs help to eat.
In contrast, among hospitalized geriatric patients: the dependence is quite obvious. For example only one third of those patients is able to eat without any help!
This represents also the burden of the caregivers and a frailty for the inpatients
In addition, when you plan the discharge of the patient, it is important to assess the intrumental ADL, for example the ability of the patient to prepare his meals.
This Lawton scale shows that only 40% of the hospitalized geriatric patients are able to prepare their meals theirself. This kind of assessment shows us the importance to also assess the instrumental ADL before discharge in order to plannify the nutritional management after hospitalization.
Le patient gériatrique et les facteurs somatiques, psychiques et sociaux (en particulier la dépression). Développe.
This is the histogram of frequencies of the 15-items GDS. A value higher than 5 is associated with a risk of depression.
In this study concerning hospitalized geriatric patients we found 45% of them presenting a risk of depression.
Without the systematic use of screening tools in the comprehensive geriatric assessment, depression is often underdiagnosed in the elderly. However, it may have an impact on the nutritional status since one of the first symptom of depression in the elderly is failure to thrive, the patient refuse to eat…
Then, when you are in front of a patient who doesn’t eat, you have to look for depression
Prévalence de la malnutrition?
- (The prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. It varies from 29 to 51% according to the criteria used to define malnutrition)
- 35 à 40% des admissions
- «Sous diagnostiquée»
- Carences alimentaires, maladies hépatiques ou digestives, cancers, maladies chroniques
- Augmente mortalité, morbidité
- Augmente durée d’hospitalisation
- Dans les unités gériatriques, la prévalence de la malnutrition est encore plus élevée.
- Pour ce qui est des institutions: dans les maisons de repos, la dépression est la première cause de perte de poids. En vieillissant, on ne retrouve plus de syndrome métabolique mais des patients très minces.
Mécanismes associés avec la malnutrition?
“Meals-on-wheels approach” ?
- Medicaments
- Emotions
- Anorexia
- Late life paranoia
- Swallowing (déglutition)
- Oral problems
- No money
- Wandering, (comportements)
- Hyperthyroidie, HPT1
- Entry (malabsorption)
- Eating problems (fiche)
- Low salts, low chol diets (régimes)
- Shopping
“Frigothérapie”
This illustrate the study of C Rapin
There is a relationship between the state of the refrigerator and the nutritional status of the isolated subjects living in the community in Geneva.
The message is that we have to look in the fridge of the isolated old subjects to assess the accessibility to the foods!
Médicaments fréquemment prescrits en institutions de longs séjours gériatriques et dont l’anorexie est un des effets secondaires prépondérant
Conditions associées à la perte du goût
Conditions associées à la perte de l’odorat
Comment détecter la malnutrition?
Mesures anthropométriques dans le cadre du dépistage de la malnutrition protéino-calorique?
There are categories of BMI for identifying risk of chronic PEM in adults. As a consequence, the « normal » values of BMI after 65 y old remain controversial.
- <18.5 –> underweight –> chronic malnutrition probable
- 18.5 - 20 –> underweight –> chronic malnutrition probable
- 20-25 –> desirable weight –> chronic malnutrition unlikely (low risk)
- 25 - 30 –> overweight –> higher risk of complications associated with chronic overnutrition
- > 30 –> Obese –> moderate (30-35), high (40), very high (>45) of obesity related complications.
Dépistage du MPC via échelles du risque nutritonnel et en particulier le nutritional screening questionnaire.
Dépistage du MPC via échelles du risque nutritonnel et en particulier le MNA.
The global score allows to classify the patient according to the nutritional risk.
The MNA is commonly used in the Belgian geriatric units.
This graph illustrates the histogram of frequencies of the values of the MNA among the Belgian geriatric units participating to the College project.
According to those results, 2/3 of the patients were at risk of malnutrition (MNA 23,5) and 1/3 was overt malnourrished (MNA <17)
Guide clinique de prévention et de traitement de la malnutrition en institution
Dépistage du MPC via les échelles du risque nutritionnel, qu’en est-il du MUST?
In this screening tool we find 3 factors:
- The value of the BMI
- The history of the weight loss
- The presence of an acute disease
According to presence of these risk factor; the overall risk is calculated and a flow chart is proposed to manage the condition. And we also found up to two third of hospitalized geriatric patients presenting a risk of malnutrition (as we found it using the MNA in 2001).
Dépistage du MPC via les échelles du risque nutritionnel: Snaq
Le prof aurait dit “on oublie”
Dépistage du MPC via les échelles du risque nutrionnel. Qu’en est-il du GNRI?
(selon les notes de l’année passé, le prof a dit “on oublie”)