Nutrition and Fertilization

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

require large amounts, measured in percentage (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium)

Question 2

Micronutrients ( zinc, boron, copper, manganese, chlorine, iron, nickel, and molybdenum

Answer 2

require in much smaller amounts are measured in parts per million

Question 3

Nutrient supply from soil depends on

Answer 3

nutrient pool size=amount, solubility of nutrients=availability

Question 4

How is nutrients taken up?

Answer 4

in water only by active roots on trees with leaves, active root growth is required,

Question 5

Which nutrients are mobile

Answer 5

Nitrogen, Sulfur, Magnesium, and Chlorine, sometimes Potassium

Question 6

Plant mobile nutrients

Answer 6

nutrients can remobilize from older part of the plant to new part, deficiency can be seen on older tissue

Question 7

Plant immobile nutrients

Answer 7

nutrients get locked in place once it is incorporate, cannot relocate, seen on newer tissue

Question 8

Low mobility nutrients

Answer 8

zinc, molybdenum, copper, and nickel

Question 9

Immobile nutrients

Answer 9

manganese, iron, calcium

Question 10

How do mobile nutrients move

Answer 10

xylem one way, phloem two ways, nutrients stored, support current and developing tissues

Question 10

How do immobile nutrients move

Answer 10

xylem one way, transport water, supply required through growth and reproduction, fertilizers limited long term effectiveness

Question 11

Mass flow soluble nutrients

Answer 11

movement of dissolved nutrients into plant as the plant absorbs water for transpiration, nitrate, sulfate, calcium, and mangnesium

Question 12

Dissolution/Diffusion of insoluble elements

Answer 12

movement of nutrients to the root surface in response to a concentration gradient. phosphorus and potassium

Question 13

What factors affect nutrient uptake and utilization

Answer 13

poor irrigation system, presence of hardpans, poor water infiltration, perched water tables, alkali spots, salinity, ph, nutrient fixation, low soil temperature, weather/climate, limitations of tree uptake and transport, low or high native soil fertility for one or more nutrients, root disease, weed competition

Question 14

How do you sample leaves

Answer 14

minimum 12 trees, each sampled at least 25 yards apart, 10 leaves per tree located 5-7 feet from ground

Question 15

Which nutrient are insoluble at pH above 5

Answer 15

Fe, Zn, and Manganese

Question 16

What is the fate of a nutrient

Answer 16

removed in crop, remobilized, recycled,

Question 17

What is effective nutrient management?

Answer 17

right nutrient, right organ, right time, and right concentration

Question 18

Nitrogen deficiency

Answer 18

new leaves mobilize N at expense of old leaves, new leaves are pale, reduce shoot growth, reddish bark

Question 19

Potassium deficiency

Answer 19

small leaves without chlorosis and scorched margins, worst on older leaves of current shoots, sparse foliage with pronounced dieback, yield declines as K declines

Question 20

Phosphorus deficiencies

Answer 20

initially interveinal chlorosis then leaves became bright yellow desiccated and dropped, reduced stem diameter and limited canopy size

Question 21

In the central valley which nutrients are most likely

Answer 21

zinc, copper, boron

Question 22

What is the role of zinc

Answer 22

Required for auxin formation, involved in cell elongation, associated with chloroplast formulation, essential for pollen development, flower bud differentiation and fruit set

Question 23

copper deficiency

Answer 23

apply copper EDTA as foliar treatment at 50% leaf expansion, can be mixed with Zinc, be applied several times in spring

Question 24

What is the role of boron in plants

Answer 24

cell continue to divide but structural parts are not properly or completely formed, regulates carbohydrate metabolism, limits pollen germination and pollen tube growth, immobile

Question 25

Boron Deficiency

Answer 25

tissue necrosis of growing points and young leaves, shoot tips die back, terminal buds remain dormant, lateral buds’ sprouts, flower clusters drop before fruit set

Question 26

How do you efficiently apply nitrogen fertilizer?

Answer 26

Apply right rate, right time, right place, right source and monitoring

Question 27

In the case of N deficiency older parts of the plant develop symptoms of deficiencies first

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Which of the following is a greater sink for nitrogen in grapes

Answer 28

leaves

Question 29

which nutrients have a greater role on pollen and pollination

Answer 29

Boron and Zinc

Question 30

Nitrogen efficiency in well managed orchards is considered at about

Answer 30

70%

Question 31

A C:N ratio of is the dividing line between mineralization immediate release and immobilization

Answer 31

20:1

Question 32

Timing of Nitrogen application in non-bearing trees is important since the relative N uptake capacity on those trees is equal during the growing season

Answer 32

False