Nutrition and energy Flashcards
- digestive system - the fate of carbohydrate
role of digestive system
The food that we eat or drink gets converted into substnaces so that it can be easily absorbed by intestinal tract and utilised.
Main site of digestion is _______
Gastrointestinal (digestive) tract
Role of enzyme is to_____
Speed up chemical reaction
list of organs that are included in digestive system
- mouth and salivary glands
- pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
Role of month and salivary glands in digestive system
- Chew food
- Mixes food with saliva
- Taste perception
- Release first digestive enzyme (salivary amylase) to begin to break down starch.
Role of pharynx in digestive system
- Moves food from mouth to oesophagus
- Epiglottis directs food and air into correct pathways
Role of oesophagus in digestive system
approx. 25cm long
- Moves food to the stomach peristaltic movement (swallow)
- Oesophageal sphincter prevents reflex if stomach content to oesophagus (prevent food from comping up)
Role of stomach in digestive system
1L capacity food remains for 2-3 hours
- Stores, mixes, dissolves food, add acid (kills micro-organisms)
- Enzymes (pepsin: protein digestion) and fluid produces intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Regularly empties dissolved food into small intestine.
Role of liver in digestive system
- Produce bile salt to help with digestion and absorption.
Role of gall bladder in digestive system
Stores and concentrate bile and release when needed.
Role of pancreas in digestive system
- Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrate, protein and fats.
- Release bicarbonate to neutralise the acidic, partially digested food (chyme) as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
Role of small intestine in digestive system
approx. 3.1 m long. food remains for 3-10 hours
- Secrets enzymes that digest the macronutrients into smaller nutrients particles.
- Intestinal cells absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymph.
Role of large intestine in digestive system
approx. 1.1 m long. food remains for up to 72 hours
- Absorbs water, sodium and potassium.
- Pass waste (unabsorbed nutrients, insoluble fibres, bacteria)
- Produces some vitamins (i.e. vitamin K) and short chain fatty acids
Role of anus in digestive system
- Eliminate waste from the rectum.
- Holds rectum closed.
The nutrients that gives energy are called _______.
list them.
Macronutrients
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Fats
The nutrients that doesn’t not give energy are called _______.
list them.
Micronutrients
- Vitamins
- Mineral
- Water
- Fibres
What are the classification of carbohydrate?
- simple and complex.
Proteins definition.
proteins are building blocks, amino acids which are involved in many processes in our body.
______ macronutrient supply the most energy per gram.
Fat
classes of fats
- Triglycerides (oil, fats)
- Phospholipids
- Sterols
minerals can be bound by substances that interfere with ____
absorption
is fibre s nutrient?
no
fibre is essential for ____
gut health and functions.
1 g of carb = ____ KJ or ____ kcal
17 KJ
4 kcal
1 g of protein = ____ KJ or ____ kcal
17 KJ
4 kcal
1 g of fat = ____ KJ or ____ kcal
37 KJ
9 kcal
the energy released from carbs, protein or fat is m assured in ____ or ____
joules (KJ) or calories (kcal)
______ describes the energy yield from the macronutrients
nutrient density
Example of water-soluble vitamins
- vitamin c
- 8 types of vitamin b including B12 and folate.
role of water soluble vitamins
- promote growth, reproduction and maintenance.
- enhances or inhibit absorption.
- they are vulnerable to degradation.
- absence = deficiency
example of fat-soluble vitamins.
- vitamin A,D E & K
____ helps with absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
bile
vitamins that are insoluble in gastrointestinal secretions
fat-soluble vitamin.
excess fat-soluble vitamin gets stored in the ______
liver and adipose
Fat soluble vitamins are
not readily excreted. the body maintain concentration in the blood.
example of minerals
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphate.
is water soluble vitamins organic or inorganic?
organic
is minerals inorganic?
yes
__ minerals are essential?
16
____ can be lost during food refining or cooking
minerals
name the simple carbohydrate
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
name the complex carbohydrate
- Polysaccharides
______ combine to form a _____ in simple carbohydrate.
Monosaccharides combine to form a Disaccharides
examples of simple carbohydrate found in the food.
- Sucrose (glucose, fructose) found in table sugar.
- Maltose (glucose, glucose) produced by starch breakdown.
- Lactose (glucose, galactose) found in milk.
examples of complex carbohydrate found in the food.
- Starch (Amylose, amylopectin) made in plants.
- Fibre (pectins, cellulose) indigestible by humans
- Glycogen, made in animals. stored in liver and muscle.
mono = ___ sugar
1 sugar and can not be broken down into a more simpler sugar.
______ have a same number of atoms, but different arrangement which results in different level of sweetness.
- glucose, fructose, galactose
____ is one of the two sugar in every disaccharide. essential energy source and commonly known as blood sugar.
glucose
____ is the sweetest sugar
fructose
____ type of sugar occurs naturally in few foods
galactose
glucose, fructose, galactose. are they di or monosaccharides?
mono
maltose is a by product of _____
starch breakdown.
_____ is the main carbohydrate found in the milk
Lactose
carbohydrate are put to gather this reaction is called____
condensation
carbohydrate are broken apart, this reaction is called ____
hydrolysis
in complex carbohydrate medium chain is known as___
oligosaccharides
in complex carbohydrate long chain is known as___
polysaccharides
starch that is unbraced is know as a ____
amylose
starch that is branched is known as ___
amylopectin
is glycogen branched or unbranched
branched
body stores glucose as ____
glycogen
cellulose is known as a ___
non strach polysaccharides
explain soluble fibre
they dissolve in water, foes gels (viscous)
- easily digested by gut bacteria in the colon (fermentation)
benefit of soluble fibre
protection against heart disease & diabetes by lowering cholesterol and blood glucose levels.
explain insoluble fibre
- it does not dissolve the in water and doe not form gels (non-viscous)
- not as readily fermented
benefit of insoluble fibre
promotes healthy bowel movements and prevents constipation
Explain resistance starch
- behaves like dietary fibre.
- not digested or absorbed in the small intestine
what is the recommended intake of carbohydrate for
pre-schooler
children and
adults? in servings
pre-schooler : 4 servings
children : 5 servings
adults: 6 servings
NZ Dietary Guidelines recommend for carbohydrate:
____ g women
____g men
25g
30g
carbohydrate provide approx. ___ to ___ %total energy intake
45-64%
most glucose absorption take place into _____
small intestine
transport type of glucose and galactose is___
active
transport type of fructose is___
passive
_____ rise water in blood glucose?
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
- both 1.2
answer = 4. both 1.2
Unbranched starch (amylose) are digested slower than branched chains (amylopectin). true/false?
true
Branched chain starches have less sites for enzymes to act on and release glucose. true/false?
false
symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption.
- gas
- acids
- abdominal pain
- gut irritation
- bolting
- nausea
