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Nursing 104 > Nutrition and energy > Flashcards

Nutrition and energy Flashcards

- digestive system - the fate of carbohydrate

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1
Q

role of digestive system

A

The food that we eat or drink gets converted into substnaces so that it can be easily absorbed by intestinal tract and utilised.

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2
Q

Main site of digestion is _______

A

Gastrointestinal (digestive) tract

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3
Q

Role of enzyme is to_____

A

Speed up chemical reaction

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4
Q

list of organs that are included in digestive system

A
  1. mouth and salivary glands
  2. pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. liver
  6. gall bladder
  7. pancreas
  8. small intestine
  9. large intestine
  10. anus
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5
Q

Role of month and salivary glands in digestive system

A
  • Chew food
  • Mixes food with saliva
  • Taste perception
  • Release first digestive enzyme (salivary amylase) to begin to break down starch.
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6
Q

Role of pharynx in digestive system

A
  • Moves food from mouth to oesophagus

- Epiglottis directs food and air into correct pathways

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7
Q

Role of oesophagus in digestive system

approx. 25cm long

A
  • Moves food to the stomach peristaltic movement (swallow)

- Oesophageal sphincter prevents reflex if stomach content to oesophagus (prevent food from comping up)

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8
Q

Role of stomach in digestive system

1L capacity food remains for 2-3 hours

A
  • Stores, mixes, dissolves food, add acid (kills micro-organisms)
  • Enzymes (pepsin: protein digestion) and fluid produces intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
  • Regularly empties dissolved food into small intestine.
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9
Q

Role of liver in digestive system

A
  • Produce bile salt to help with digestion and absorption.
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10
Q

Role of gall bladder in digestive system

A

Stores and concentrate bile and release when needed.

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11
Q

Role of pancreas in digestive system

A
  • Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrate, protein and fats.
  • Release bicarbonate to neutralise the acidic, partially digested food (chyme) as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
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12
Q

Role of small intestine in digestive system

approx. 3.1 m long. food remains for 3-10 hours

A
  • Secrets enzymes that digest the macronutrients into smaller nutrients particles.
  • Intestinal cells absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymph.
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13
Q

Role of large intestine in digestive system

approx. 1.1 m long. food remains for up to 72 hours

A
  • Absorbs water, sodium and potassium.
  • Pass waste (unabsorbed nutrients, insoluble fibres, bacteria)
  • Produces some vitamins (i.e. vitamin K) and short chain fatty acids
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14
Q

Role of anus in digestive system

A
  • Eliminate waste from the rectum.

- Holds rectum closed.

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15
Q

The nutrients that gives energy are called _______.

list them.

A

Macronutrients

  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Fats
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16
Q

The nutrients that doesn’t not give energy are called _______.
list them.

A

Micronutrients

  • Vitamins
  • Mineral
  • Water
  • Fibres
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17
Q

What are the classification of carbohydrate?

A
  • simple and complex.
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18
Q

Proteins definition.

A

proteins are building blocks, amino acids which are involved in many processes in our body.

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19
Q

______ macronutrient supply the most energy per gram.

A

Fat

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20
Q

classes of fats

A
  • Triglycerides (oil, fats)
  • Phospholipids
  • Sterols
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21
Q

minerals can be bound by substances that interfere with ____

A

absorption

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22
Q

is fibre s nutrient?

A

no

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23
Q

fibre is essential for ____

A

gut health and functions.

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24
Q

1 g of carb = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

A

17 KJ

4 kcal

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25
Q

1 g of protein = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

A

17 KJ

4 kcal

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26
Q

1 g of fat = ____ KJ or ____ kcal

A

37 KJ

9 kcal

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27
Q

the energy released from carbs, protein or fat is m assured in ____ or ____

A 
joules (KJ) 
or calories (kcal)
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28
Q

______ describes the energy yield from the macronutrients

A

nutrient density

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29
Q

Example of water-soluble vitamins

A
  • vitamin c

- 8 types of vitamin b including B12 and folate.

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30
Q

role of water soluble vitamins

A
  • promote growth, reproduction and maintenance.
  • enhances or inhibit absorption.
  • they are vulnerable to degradation.
  • absence = deficiency
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31
Q

example of fat-soluble vitamins.

A
  • vitamin A,D E & K
32
Q

____ helps with absorption of fat soluble vitamins?

A

bile

33
Q

vitamins that are insoluble in gastrointestinal secretions

A

fat-soluble vitamin.

34
Q

excess fat-soluble vitamin gets stored in the ______

A

liver and adipose

35
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are

A

not readily excreted. the body maintain concentration in the blood.

36
Q

example of minerals

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphate.

37
Q

is water soluble vitamins organic or inorganic?

A

organic

38
Q

is minerals inorganic?

A

yes

39
Q

__ minerals are essential?

A

16

40
Q

____ can be lost during food refining or cooking

A

minerals

41
Q

name the simple carbohydrate

A
  • Monosaccharides

- Disaccharides

42
Q

name the complex carbohydrate

A
  • Polysaccharides
43
Q

______ combine to form a _____ in simple carbohydrate.

A

Monosaccharides combine to form a Disaccharides

44
Q

examples of simple carbohydrate found in the food.

A
  • Sucrose (glucose, fructose) found in table sugar.
  • Maltose (glucose, glucose) produced by starch breakdown.
  • Lactose (glucose, galactose) found in milk.
45
Q

examples of complex carbohydrate found in the food.

A
  • Starch (Amylose, amylopectin) made in plants.
  • Fibre (pectins, cellulose) indigestible by humans
  • Glycogen, made in animals. stored in liver and muscle.
46
Q

mono = ___ sugar

A

1 sugar and can not be broken down into a more simpler sugar.

47
Q

______ have a same number of atoms, but different arrangement which results in different level of sweetness.

A
  • glucose, fructose, galactose
48
Q

____ is one of the two sugar in every disaccharide. essential energy source and commonly known as blood sugar.

A

glucose

49
Q

____ is the sweetest sugar

A

fructose

50
Q

____ type of sugar occurs naturally in few foods

A

galactose

51
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose. are they di or monosaccharides?

A

mono

52
Q

maltose is a by product of _____

A

starch breakdown.

53
Q

_____ is the main carbohydrate found in the milk

A

Lactose

54
Q

carbohydrate are put to gather this reaction is called____

A

condensation

55
Q

carbohydrate are broken apart, this reaction is called ____

A

hydrolysis

56
Q

in complex carbohydrate medium chain is known as___

A

oligosaccharides

57
Q

in complex carbohydrate long chain is known as___

A

polysaccharides

58
Q

starch that is unbraced is know as a ____

A

amylose

59
Q

starch that is branched is known as ___

A

amylopectin

60
Q

is glycogen branched or unbranched

A

branched

61
Q

body stores glucose as ____

A

glycogen

62
Q

cellulose is known as a ___

A

non strach polysaccharides

63
Q

explain soluble fibre

A

they dissolve in water, foes gels (viscous)

- easily digested by gut bacteria in the colon (fermentation)

64
Q

benefit of soluble fibre

A

protection against heart disease & diabetes by lowering cholesterol and blood glucose levels.

65
Q

explain insoluble fibre

A
  • it does not dissolve the in water and doe not form gels (non-viscous)
  • not as readily fermented
66
Q

benefit of insoluble fibre

A

promotes healthy bowel movements and prevents constipation

67
Q

Explain resistance starch

A
  • behaves like dietary fibre.

- not digested or absorbed in the small intestine

68
Q

what is the recommended intake of carbohydrate for
pre-schooler
children and
adults? in servings

A

pre-schooler : 4 servings
children : 5 servings
adults: 6 servings

69
Q

NZ Dietary Guidelines recommend for carbohydrate:

____ g women
____g men

A

25g

30g

70
Q

carbohydrate provide approx. ___ to ___ %total energy intake

A

45-64%

71
Q

most glucose absorption take place into _____

A

small intestine

72
Q

transport type of glucose and galactose is___

A

active

73
Q

transport type of fructose is___

A

passive

74
Q

_____ rise water in blood glucose?

  1. glucose
  2. galactose
  3. fructose
  4. both 1.2
A

answer = 4. both 1.2

75
Q

Unbranched starch (amylose) are digested slower than branched chains (amylopectin). true/false?

A

true

76
Q

Branched chain starches have less sites for enzymes to act on and release glucose. true/false?

A

false

77
Q

symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption.

A
  • gas
  • acids
  • abdominal pain
  • gut irritation
  • bolting
  • nausea

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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