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Nursing 104 > chemistry part-3 > Flashcards

chemistry part-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

explain chemical reaction

A
  • Where a material changes into another material
  • one chemical reaction can involve multiple changes
  • Where atoms are rearranging themselves into different structures.
  • Chemical reactions can be reversible or irreversible.
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2
Q

chemical reaction definition

A

An interaction that results in a change of bonding between atoms

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3
Q

combination reaction

A

where two or more substances combine to form a single substance. a+b =ab
ex: haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

Decomposition/dissociation reactions

A

breakdown of one substance to produce two or more products. ab = a + b
ex: HCL (hydrogen chloride) H + Cl
NaCl (sodium Chloride) Na + Cl

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5
Q

Displacement reaction

A

displacement of less reactive element by a more reactive element.
ex: k+ calcium sulphonate => Ca2+ potassium polystyrene sulphonate

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6
Q

Partner exchange

A

its double displacement.
AB+CD => AD+CB
BaCl2 + Li2SO4 => BaSo4 + LiCl
in the body: taking anti-acid to stop heartburn - pain from HCL produced in the stomach.

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7
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction

A

always happen together (like an organ donor and recipient)

  • oxidation is the gaining of bond and loss of electrons
  • reduction is the gaining of electrons. (often hydrogen)
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8
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example

A

ex: rusting

iron + water + air = rust

oxidation reaction: iron loses electron
reduction reaction: oxygen gains electron

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9
Q

Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example in the body

A

breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP) - through digestion.
Food reacts with oxygen in the body to form carbon dioxide and water. Energy is also released in the process.

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10
Q

Enzyme other name

A

biological catalysts

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11
Q

what is enzyme?

A

substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself by reaction.
- highly specific to one substance or closely related substances.

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12
Q

how does enzyme works?

A

lock and key mechanism.

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13
Q

Name the carbohydrate digestion enzymes

A

Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Maltase

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14
Q

Salivary amylase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: salivary glands
s: mouth
Ph: Neutral

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15
Q

Pancreatic amylase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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16
Q

Maltase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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17
Q

Name the Protein digestion enzymes

A
  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin
  • Peptidases
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18
Q

Pepsin

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: Gastric glands
s: Stomach
Ph: Acidic

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19
Q

Trypsin

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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20
Q

Peptidases

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Protein digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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21
Q

Name the Nucleic Acid digestion enzymes

A
  • nuclease

- nucleotides

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22
Q

Nuclease

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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23
Q

nucleotides

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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24
Q

Name the Fat digestion enzymes

A

Lipase

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25
Q

Lipase

Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level

A

T: Fat digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic

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26
Q

Organic chemistry definition

A

The study of carbon compounds and their properties.
OR
Compound containing a carbon and hydrogen bond.

…. with the exception of
carbon monoxide, co
carbon dioxide, co2
carbonate ions, co32-

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27
Q

Is Organic chemistry and Natural organic same thing?

A

no

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28
Q

Natural organic is about…

A

perceived toxicity and not about carbon compound and their properties

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29
Q

is all natural organic products are safe?

A

no

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30
Q

What is NOT allowed in organic chemistry but allowed in natural organic

A 
Toxic pesticides 
GMOs
Antibiotics
Growth hormone 
Sluge abd irradiation
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31
Q

what does organic chemistry include

A
  • Restricted allowable material
  • inspection & certification required
  • farm to table record keeping
  • lower level of environmental pollution
  • cows on pasture for pasture season
  • animal welfare requirement
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32
Q

Inorganic chemistry definition.

A

study of compound that do not contain carbon.

33
Q

in inorganic chemistry you deal with…

A

synthesis and behaviour of inorganic and organometallic compounds

34
Q

Aromatic compounds

A
  • contain a benzene ring with 6 carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds
  • less reactive so greater stability
  • always unsaturated
35
Q

Aliphatic compounds

A
  • open chain of carbon atoms, can be cyclic
  • can have mix of single (saturated), double or triple bonds(unsaturated) between them
  • most often single bond
36
Q

Alkanes

A

it’s an aliphatic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon in a single chain.

  • they are saturated
  • has suffix ‘ane’ at the end
    ex: methane
37
Q

Alkenes

A

Aliphatic compound containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
ex: ethane/ethylene

38
Q

is Alkenes unsaturated or saturated?

A

unsaturated

- known also as olefines

39
Q

Alkenes also known as..

A

olefines

40
Q

what is more reactive? Alkanes or Alkenes

A

Alkenes

41
Q

Alkynes

A

Aliphatic unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Triple bonds are more active

42
Q

where do you find Alkynes

A

in crude oil and natural gas in small amount

- part of some drug: a sleeping medicine

43
Q

Alcohol

A

Organic compound in which the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is bound to a carbon.

44
Q

Types of alcohol?

A
  • Isopropyl
  • methyl
  • ethyl
45
Q

Isopropyl

A
  • used widely as a cleaning agent
  • to dissolve oil
  • clean skin- skin swabs (kills microbes)
46
Q

Methyl

A
  • part of methyl salicylate-flavour in chewing gum, mints and mouthwashes.
47
Q

Ethyl alcohol

A
  • ingredients of many alcohol beverages: beer, wine, spirits
  • rubbing alcohol
  • hand sanitiser
48
Q

other names of Glycerol

A

glycerine, glycerin

49
Q

An alcohol that has more than one hydroxyl (OH) group

A

Glycerol

50
Q

Properties of glycerol

A
  • colourless
  • orderless
  • viscous liquid
  • sweet tasting
  • low toxicity
51
Q

use of glycerol

A
  • used as laxative rectally
  • Can be used intravenously to reduce pressure inside the brain OR for reducing brain volume for neurosurgical procedures
  • sometimes in eye to reduce fluid in cornea before examining the eye.
  • some apply to moisten the skin.
52
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • Contain a functional group with the structure −CHO,
  • consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen)
  • the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, (any generic alkyl or side chain).
    e. g. formaldehyde (urea - a product)
53
Q

use of Aldehydes

A
  • tanning
  • preserving
  • perfumes - have a oder profile
  • cosmetic products
  • dyes
  • embalming
  • germicide, fungicide, insecticide for plants and veg
54
Q

byproduct of breakdown of fat (fatty acid) is called____

A

Ketones = ketone bodies

55
Q

name of the hormones that prevent ketone level in the blood from getting too high

A

insulin, glucagon

56
Q

low to moderate ketone level

A

0.6 to 1.5 mmol/L

57
Q

High level of ketone

A

1.6 to 3.0 mmol/L

58
Q

when does ketone level rise?

A

when you don’t have enough insulin to turn glucose into energy

59
Q

Where can you find ketone or example of it

A

aceton - nail polish remover

60
Q

Carboxylic acid

A
  • Contain carboxyl group (R-COOH)

- very important biologycally

61
Q

What does R refers to in Carboxylic acid (R-COOH)

A

rest of the molecule - R can be large

62
Q

Examples of Carboxylic acid

A
  • Amino acids and acetic acid(5-20% of vinegar)
  • aspirin and ibuprofen
  • lactic acid
  • oxalic acid
  • ascorbic acid… etc
63
Q

where does Amines derived from

A

Ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
ex: adrenaline

64
Q

Amines

A
  • synthesized by microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms
  • produced in many different tissues
  • are transmitted locally or via the blood system
  • ex: adrenaline (adrenal medulla)
    - histamine (mast cells and liver)
    - serotonin (neurotransmitter- sleep/mood/appetite/sexuality)
    - dopamine (neurotransmitter- motivation, reward, addiction, behavioral reinforcement, and coordination of bodily movement –loss - Parkinson’s.
65
Q

Rules when drawing chemical structures

A
  • Carbon atoms not shown. Assumed to be where two lines meet.
  • Hydrogen atoms not shown. Assign H until carbon has valency of 4.
  • Atoms other than H or C will be shown.
66
Q

Suffixe of Alcohol

A

-ol or -hydroxy

67
Q

Suffixe of Aldehyde

A

-al

68
Q

Suffixe of ketone

A

-one

69
Q

Suffixe of carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid

70
Q

Suffixe of amine(nitrogen)

A

-amino or -amide

71
Q

Suffixe of Thiol(sulfur)

A

-thio, sulfo or mercapto

72
Q

What is suffix in organic compound

A

represent functional group

73
Q

What is parent in organic compound

A

represent number of carbon on main chain

74
Q

What is prefix in organic compound

A

represent branches of main chain

75
Q

Paracetamol is also knows as

A
  • APAP
  • Tylenol
  • Acetaminophen
76
Q

NH2 stands for

A

Amine

77
Q

S stands for

A

sulfide

78
Q

OH stands for

A

Benzene

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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