chemistry part-3 Flashcards
explain chemical reaction
- Where a material changes into another material
- one chemical reaction can involve multiple changes
- Where atoms are rearranging themselves into different structures.
- Chemical reactions can be reversible or irreversible.
chemical reaction definition
An interaction that results in a change of bonding between atoms
combination reaction
where two or more substances combine to form a single substance. a+b =ab
ex: haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin
Decomposition/dissociation reactions
breakdown of one substance to produce two or more products. ab = a + b
ex: HCL (hydrogen chloride) H + Cl
NaCl (sodium Chloride) Na + Cl
Displacement reaction
displacement of less reactive element by a more reactive element.
ex: k+ calcium sulphonate => Ca2+ potassium polystyrene sulphonate
Partner exchange
its double displacement.
AB+CD => AD+CB
BaCl2 + Li2SO4 => BaSo4 + LiCl
in the body: taking anti-acid to stop heartburn - pain from HCL produced in the stomach.
Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction
always happen together (like an organ donor and recipient)
- oxidation is the gaining of bond and loss of electrons
- reduction is the gaining of electrons. (often hydrogen)
Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example
ex: rusting
iron + water + air = rust
oxidation reaction: iron loses electron
reduction reaction: oxygen gains electron
Redox: oxidation-reduction reaction example in the body
breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP) - through digestion.
Food reacts with oxygen in the body to form carbon dioxide and water. Energy is also released in the process.
Enzyme other name
biological catalysts
what is enzyme?
substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself by reaction.
- highly specific to one substance or closely related substances.
how does enzyme works?
lock and key mechanism.
Name the carbohydrate digestion enzymes
Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Maltase
Salivary amylase
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: salivary glands
s: mouth
Ph: Neutral
Pancreatic amylase
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Maltase
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Carbohydrate digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Name the Protein digestion enzymes
- Pepsin
- Trypsin
- Peptidases
Pepsin
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Protein digestion
p: Gastric glands
s: Stomach
Ph: Acidic
Trypsin
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Protein digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Peptidases
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Protein digestion
p: small intestine
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Name the Nucleic Acid digestion enzymes
- nuclease
- nucleotides
Nuclease
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
nucleotides
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Nucleic Acid digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Name the Fat digestion enzymes
Lipase
Lipase
Type:
produced in :
site of release
PH level
T: Fat digestion
p: Pancreas
s: small intestine
Ph: Basic
Organic chemistry definition
The study of carbon compounds and their properties.
OR
Compound containing a carbon and hydrogen bond.
…. with the exception of
carbon monoxide, co
carbon dioxide, co2
carbonate ions, co32-
Is Organic chemistry and Natural organic same thing?
no
Natural organic is about…
perceived toxicity and not about carbon compound and their properties
is all natural organic products are safe?
no
What is NOT allowed in organic chemistry but allowed in natural organic
Toxic pesticides GMOs Antibiotics Growth hormone Sluge abd irradiation
what does organic chemistry include
- Restricted allowable material
- inspection & certification required
- farm to table record keeping
- lower level of environmental pollution
- cows on pasture for pasture season
- animal welfare requirement
Inorganic chemistry definition.
study of compound that do not contain carbon.
in inorganic chemistry you deal with…
synthesis and behaviour of inorganic and organometallic compounds
Aromatic compounds
- contain a benzene ring with 6 carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds
- less reactive so greater stability
- always unsaturated
Aliphatic compounds
- open chain of carbon atoms, can be cyclic
- can have mix of single (saturated), double or triple bonds(unsaturated) between them
- most often single bond
Alkanes
it’s an aliphatic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon in a single chain.
- they are saturated
- has suffix ‘ane’ at the end
ex: methane
Alkenes
Aliphatic compound containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
ex: ethane/ethylene
is Alkenes unsaturated or saturated?
unsaturated
- known also as olefines
Alkenes also known as..
olefines
what is more reactive? Alkanes or Alkenes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aliphatic unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Triple bonds are more active
where do you find Alkynes
in crude oil and natural gas in small amount
- part of some drug: a sleeping medicine
Alcohol
Organic compound in which the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is bound to a carbon.
Types of alcohol?
- Isopropyl
- methyl
- ethyl
Isopropyl
- used widely as a cleaning agent
- to dissolve oil
- clean skin- skin swabs (kills microbes)
Methyl
- part of methyl salicylate-flavour in chewing gum, mints and mouthwashes.
Ethyl alcohol
- ingredients of many alcohol beverages: beer, wine, spirits
- rubbing alcohol
- hand sanitiser
other names of Glycerol
glycerine, glycerin
An alcohol that has more than one hydroxyl (OH) group
Glycerol
Properties of glycerol
- colourless
- orderless
- viscous liquid
- sweet tasting
- low toxicity
use of glycerol
- used as laxative rectally
- Can be used intravenously to reduce pressure inside the brain OR for reducing brain volume for neurosurgical procedures
- sometimes in eye to reduce fluid in cornea before examining the eye.
- some apply to moisten the skin.
Aldehydes
- Contain a functional group with the structure −CHO,
- consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen)
- the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, (any generic alkyl or side chain).
e. g. formaldehyde (urea - a product)
use of Aldehydes
- tanning
- preserving
- perfumes - have a oder profile
- cosmetic products
- dyes
- embalming
- germicide, fungicide, insecticide for plants and veg
byproduct of breakdown of fat (fatty acid) is called____
Ketones = ketone bodies
name of the hormones that prevent ketone level in the blood from getting too high
insulin, glucagon
low to moderate ketone level
0.6 to 1.5 mmol/L
High level of ketone
1.6 to 3.0 mmol/L
when does ketone level rise?
when you don’t have enough insulin to turn glucose into energy
Where can you find ketone or example of it
aceton - nail polish remover
Carboxylic acid
- Contain carboxyl group (R-COOH)
- very important biologycally
What does R refers to in Carboxylic acid (R-COOH)
rest of the molecule - R can be large
Examples of Carboxylic acid
- Amino acids and acetic acid(5-20% of vinegar)
- aspirin and ibuprofen
- lactic acid
- oxalic acid
- ascorbic acid… etc
where does Amines derived from
Ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
ex: adrenaline
Amines
- synthesized by microbial, vegetable and animal metabolisms
- produced in many different tissues
- are transmitted locally or via the blood system
- ex: adrenaline (adrenal medulla)
- histamine (mast cells and liver)
- serotonin (neurotransmitter- sleep/mood/appetite/sexuality)
- dopamine (neurotransmitter- motivation, reward, addiction, behavioral reinforcement, and coordination of bodily movement –loss - Parkinson’s.
Rules when drawing chemical structures
- Carbon atoms not shown. Assumed to be where two lines meet.
- Hydrogen atoms not shown. Assign H until carbon has valency of 4.
- Atoms other than H or C will be shown.
Suffixe of Alcohol
-ol or -hydroxy
Suffixe of Aldehyde
-al
Suffixe of ketone
-one
Suffixe of carboxylic acid
-oic acid
Suffixe of amine(nitrogen)
-amino or -amide
Suffixe of Thiol(sulfur)
-thio, sulfo or mercapto
What is suffix in organic compound
represent functional group
What is parent in organic compound
represent number of carbon on main chain
What is prefix in organic compound
represent branches of main chain
Paracetamol is also knows as
- APAP
- Tylenol
- Acetaminophen
NH2 stands for
Amine
S stands for
sulfide
OH stands for
Benzene
