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Nursing 104 > chemistry part-2 > Flashcards

chemistry part-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what drives chemistry?

A
  • kind of bonds between atoms in compounds.
  • movement of electrons (valence electron at the most outer shell moves around)
  • molecule size and shape
  • temperature
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2
Q

Type of bonds

A
  • Ionic

- covalent

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3
Q

how to determined type of bond

A

by the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.

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4
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • formed between atoms with similar electronegative.
  • share electrons from outer molecular orbit.
  • these bonds are formed between non-metal atoms.
  • definite shape
  • low melting point
  • low boiling point
    ex: methane(CH4), hydrochloric acid (HCI)
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5
Q

Ionic bond

A
  • formed between atoms with different electronegative.
  • one of the atoms will lose the electron to the other atom (in covalent they share)
  • transfer of electrons between atoms.
  • this results In cation and anion.
  • formed between metal and non-metal atoms
  • no defined shape.
  • high melting point and boiling point
    ex: sodium chloride (NaCl)
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6
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion (+1)

when they lose electrons.

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7
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion (-1)

when they gain electrons.

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8
Q

Electrolytes in body fluid

A 
sodium Na+ 
Chloride  Cl- 
Magnesium Mg2+
Calcium Ca2+
Potassium K+
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9
Q

What have full valence electron configuration?

A

Noble gases means full outer energy level
- last row of periodic table is know as noble gases because it has a full valency election, the outer shell has full electrons.

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10
Q

Why electron moves

A

to becomes as astable as group 18 noble gases

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11
Q

Types of molecules

A

polar and non-polar

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12
Q

is single oxygen, O, molecule?

A

no

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13
Q

Types of molecules

A

polar and non-polar

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14
Q

Types of covalent bond

A

polar and non-polar

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15
Q

Polar molecules

A
  • electrons are not equally shared
  • one part of molecule is more negative that the other
  • so, molecule has negative and positive poles
  • hydrophilic (‘water loving’)
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16
Q

Non-polar molecules

A
  • electron are equally shared
  • there is no poles.
  • hydrophobic (water fearing)
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17
Q

polar covalent

A
  • atoms with different electronegativities bound together.
  • occur between different atom types
  • bonding electrons found closer to one atom
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18
Q

non-polar covalent

A
  • atoms with similar electronegativities bound together.
  • occur between identical atom types
  • bonding electrons found halfway.
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19
Q

what kind of molecules can be mixed in another

A

molecules of similar polarity

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20
Q

example of polar substances

A

water, salt, sugar, blood, ammonia, ethanol

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21
Q

example of non-polar substances

A

fat, oil, wax, petrol, butter, soap, bubblegum

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22
Q

does oil mix with blood?

A

no

23
Q

what if you give injection of oil to your patient?

A

it would form a blood clot because blood is polar as it contains water and oil is non polar.
- only molecule with similar polarities can be mixed.

24
Q

what can trigger different smells in the nose

A

shape of molecules

25
Q

how does temperature affect chemical

A

high temperature can change the chemical

26
Q

what is protein denaturation? is it bad?

A

yes it is

27
Q

lose of shape =

A

lose of function

28
Q

hydrogen bond

A
  • bond between hydrogen atom and another atom. ex: H2O water
  • partially electrostatic force of attraction- weaker than covalent or ionic bonds
  • hydrogen act as a proton donor (positive)
  • It bonds with another atom with a lone electron pair (negative)
  • This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules (water) and in organic molecules e.g. DNA and proteins.
29
Q

is hydrogen bond weaker than covalent or iconic bond

A

yes

30
Q

element that act as a proton donor

A

hydrogen

31
Q

what is molecular mass (weight) of compound?

A

Sum of (relative) atomic masses of the elements in a compound
ex: carbon dioxide (compound)
carbon (element) - atomic mass 12.1 (x 1- no of atoms) 12
oxygen - atomic mass 16 (x 2) 32
Molecular mass = 12.1 + 32 = 44.01

32
Q

mole

A

chemical name for specific number of particles in substance.

  • this could be atoms/ions/molecules
  • known as Avogadro’s number
  • a really large number
  • Used as an expression of concentration
33
Q

what is known as Avogadro’s number?

A

mole

34
Q

normal NZ blood glucose?

A

4-8 millimoles/litre = mol/litre

35
Q

mole equation

A 
n = m/M 
m = mass of material weighted from analytical balance (grams, g)
M = molecular mass of material calculated using periodic table. (grams per mol, / g/mol)
n= number of moles (unit can be atoms, ions, molecules)
36
Q

how many moles are there in 213g of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)?

A 
M = 7   (Li)+
       35.5 (Cl)+
       64  (16x4) (Oxygen)
    = 106.5g  Total

n = 213 g /106.5 g/mol  (n=m/M)
n= 2 mol
37
Q

NZ recommendation: Limit Salt intake per day?

A

2300 mg per day

38
Q

Excess sodium in blood called?

A

Hypernatremia

39
Q

What is Normal sodium level?

A

135–145 mmol/L

40
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A
  • Thirsty az
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • fever
41
Q

Concentration definition

A

amount of stuff(solute) in a bigger amount of stuff (solvent)

solute/solvent

42
Q

Volume percentage equation

A

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡=(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)/(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)×100%

43
Q

Mass percentage equation

A

mass percentage = mass of solute/ mass of solution x100

mass of solute = gram of solute
mass of solution = grams of solute + grams of solvent

44
Q

Dose calculation equation

A

amount to administer = weight x dosage / drug strength

45
Q

therapeutic effect depends on…

A

concentration and there are many units of concentration.

46
Q

Why do atoms form ions?

A

Atoms form ions to gain a full valence shell of electrons

when atom loose or gain electrons they form ion.

47
Q

what is electron configuration for a beryllium atom?

A

2,2

48
Q

Predict the ion formed by beryllium and its electron configuration.

A

The ion will form when Be loses 2 electrons to become Be2+
with an electron configuration of 2

49
Q

By transfer of electrons from one atom to another. this is known as________ bonding.

A

ionic bonding

50
Q

By the share of electrons from one atom to another. this is known as________ bonding.

A

covalent

51
Q

which statement about non-polar covalent bond is correct?

  • gain electrons
  • equally share electrons
  • lose electrons
  • unequally share electrons
A

equally share electrons.

52
Q

Molecules

A

are atoms that are chemically bonded together and are an electronically neutral group

53
Q

elements react in order to achieve the ________. by doing this they achieve the_______.

A

full outer energy level.

electronic structure of the noble gases (full outer energy level).

54
Q

When metal reacts with non-metal this is a ____ bonding

A

ionic

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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