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Nursing 104 > Chemistry - part4 > Flashcards

Chemistry - part4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some of the trace elements

A
  • Baron. - Silicon
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Copper
  • Fluorine
  • Iodine
  • Iron
  • -maganese
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2
Q

Iron (Ferrous Fe2+ and Ferric Fe3+)

A
  • key role in the metabolism
  • one of the most abundant mineral on earth (most is in the insoluble form) (non-harm / Fe3+)
  • iron from animal sources more easily absorbed (haem / Fe2+)
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3
Q

Iron that is more easily absorbed is from

A

animal sources

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4
Q

What help convert plant source iron (Fe3+) to the more easily absorbed form iron (Fe2+)?

A

Vitamin c

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5
Q

Where does iron get absorbed most effectively in human body?

A

first section of small intestine (duodenum)

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6
Q

iron absorb % by

  • healthy people
  • deficient people
A

healthy - 5-10%

efficient - 10-20%

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7
Q

Periodic table detail of Iron

  • no of proton
  • symbol
  • atomic mass
A
  • 26
  • Fe
  • 55.85
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8
Q

What are the two forms of Iron that gets stored in our body?

A
  1. ferritin (iron storing protein-40% in the liver)

2. haemosiderin- only found in cells.

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9
Q

how does iron is transported in the plasma

A

by transferrin the iron transport protein

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10
Q

Essential organ for normal iron homeostasis in the body is

A

The liver

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11
Q

how does liver help maintain normal iron homeostasis?

A

regulates iron movement through hepcidin* synthesis and synthesizes major proteins of iron metabolism such as transferrin and ceruloplasmin

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12
Q

Roles of iron

A
  • needed in red blood cells (carries 70% of iron) to form haemoglobin
  • haemoglobin carries oxygen to all the body tissues
  • haemoglobin carries some of the carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs
  • in muscles (in myoglobin cells) iron provides oxygen for activity
  • involved in chemical reactions for respiration and producing energy, synthesis of some neurotransmitters and collagen (6%)
  • Levels of iron tightly regulated
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13
Q

one haemoglobin molecules can build up to ________ molecules

A

four oxygen

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14
Q

Sources of iron

A

Animal/fish sources:
- oysters, liver, kidney, chicken leg, lamp chops, pork roast, sardines, etc..

Plant sources:
- Lentils, tofu, weet-bix, dried peaches, dried beans-kidney, backed beans

milk and dairy products are poor source of iron.

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15
Q

Daily requirement of iron

A
  • 18mg/day for women 19-50

after menopause-and other adults about 8mg/day

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16
Q

amount of iron stored in average adult male?

A

1000 mg (enough for 3 days)

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17
Q

amount of iron stored in average adult women?

A

300 mg

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18
Q

Factors which decrease iron absorption

A
  • rapid transit time (diarrhoea)
  • absence of hydrochloric acid and enzymes in the gastric secretions
  • malabsorption syndromes
  • precipitation by use of an alkali product e.g. anti-acid preparations
  • phosphates (often in soft drinks)
  • Phytate* (bran, maize, rice and nuts)
  • milk products and soy proteins
  • tea and coffee (60% tea, 40% by coffee)
  • zinc salts (medicines)
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19
Q

iron deficiency can lead to

A
  • anaemia with substantial reduction in work capacity
  • impaired temperature regulation
  • impaired psychomotor development and intellectual performance (memory and learning)
  • changes to behaviour
  • less resistance to infection
  • increased risk of lead poisoning, as iron deficient individuals absorb more lead.
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20
Q

three factors that can affect low iron

A
  1. Demographic factors (Elderly, teenager, female, immigrants, widower)
  2. dietary factors (low iron, low vitamin c, excess tea/coffee, etc..)
  3. Social/physical factors (poverty, poor detention, depression, alcohol abuse)
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21
Q

Zinc

A
  • an element in m any enzymes
  • helps maintain structural integrity of proteins
  • regulate gene expression, reduces tumour growth
  • regulate cell signalling pathways
  • low in NZ soil
  • abundant in nervous system, 86% in muscle and bone
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22
Q

Ros full form

A

reactive oxygen species

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23
Q

oxLDL

A

oxidised low density lipoprotein

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24
Q

What is NF-kB and its role

A

protein complex. plays key role in regulating the immune response to infection

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25
Q

what is PPAR

A

major regulator of lipid metabolism

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26
Q

Daily requirement of Zinc for both men and women

A

Adult women - 8mg/day

Adult men. - 14mg/day

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27
Q

Factors that influence the absorption of zinc

A
  • fermentation of leavened bread and porridges reduces the phytate content and improves zinc absorption.
  • zinc absorption is maximum when taken by itself in an aqueous solution in a fasting state
  • food sources easily extracted in the acidic conditions of the stomach
  • high phytate content of diet blunts Zn absorption significantly
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28
Q

Absorption site of zinc

A

small intestine (the jejunum)

29
Q

sources of zinc

A

meat, liver, eggs and seafood

30
Q

Organ that maintain homeostasis of whole body zinc content is…

A

The gastrointestinal tract

31
Q

Zinc deficiency leads to

A
  • growth retardation
  • delayed puberty
  • poor appetite, impaired taste, appetite and food intake
  • diarrhoea, intestinal inflammation
  • hypogonadism
  • alopecia (hair loss)
  • skin lesions, glossitis, nail malformation
  • immune dysfunction and susceptibility to infection*
  • behaviour disturbance
  • delayed wound healing of wounds, burns decubitus ulcers
  • photophobia, night blindness
32
Q

Excessive zinc supplements leads to

A
  • copper deficiency
  • low serum HDL level (high density lipoproteins: good cholesterol)
  • gastric distress, dizziness and nausea.
  • depressed immune function
33
Q

Safe does of zinc per day

A

<50mg/day

34
Q

name two families of zinc transporter proteins

A
  • ZnT - (SLC30A): 10 mammalian- facilitate zinc out of the cell membrane.
  • ZIP (SLC39A) 14 mammalian-facilitate zinc entry from cells or from vesicles.
35
Q

Genetic disease associated with these transporters

A

ZnT2 – low zinc in breast milk
ZnT8- type 1 and 2 Diabetes

ZIP1, ZIP4, ZIP6 ZIP7, ZIP10, ZIP14 –prostrate, pancreatic, colon, or breast cancers
ZIP4 - acrodermatitis enteropathica* – zinc malabsorption
ZIP13 Ehlers syndrome+
ZIP14 –iron overload

36
Q

Selenium

A
  • discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius, in 1817
  • in 1957 found essential to all mammalian life
  • Is an antioxidant
37
Q

use of selenium

A
  • good electric conductor and used in many electronic device e.g. photo cell
  • Used for removing or adding stain in glass or enamel (red)
  • A catalyst for the production of active thyroid hormone
  • Important to the immune system
  • May inhibit HIV progression to AIDS
  • May reduce the risk of miscarriage
  • Low selenium levels in NZ men associated with prostate cancer
  • Selenium in NZ soils is low
38
Q

what are the two main forms of selenium ingested.

A

selenomethionine and selenocysteine

39
Q

where does homeostatic mechanisms regulate the selenium

A

in the cell

40
Q

The amount of selenium absorbed depending on

A

nutrients in the diet and intestinal factors

41
Q

sources of sodium

A

animal: poultry, eggs, seafood and meat
plant: grains, Brazil nuts
chives, garlic and onion, Indian mustard and canola - rape seed oil and some mushroom

42
Q

Daily requirement of selenium

A

adult males 70ug/day

adult women 60ug/day

43
Q

factors that influence absorption of selenium

A
  • Minerals soil content
  • how the food is processed (boiled - mushroom and asparagus gets reduced by 40%)
  • adding salt and vinegar to food contribute to selenium loss
  • The antioxidant level of the diet can change the amount of selenium needed
  • individual needs: may vary according to -lifestyle, degree of activity and whether they smoke.
44
Q

Selenium deficiency linked to

A
  • deficiency disease in livestock e.g. sheep and cattle
  • low survival rate in people with HIV
  • number of disease linked with low selenium level e.g. prostate cancer
  • neurological disorder associated with old age and seizure in both children and adults
  • male infertility
  • depression and anxiety
45
Q

who’s work provided the first evidence that Se may reduce the incidence of prostate, lung and colon cancers

A

Larry clark

46
Q

Selenium intake of ____ or above is toxic

A

400ug/dau

47
Q

Selenium toxicity symptoms

A
  • garlic breath
  • hair loss
  • brittle nails
  • gastrointestinal symptoms
  • skin rash
  • fatigue and irritability
48
Q

Iodine

A
  • important constituent of thyroid hormones
49
Q

what is responsible for regulating the iodine metabolism

A

thyroid glands which produce thyroid hormones knows as T3 and T4

50
Q

deficiency of iodine leads to….

A
  • decreed production of T3 and T4

- this enlarges the thyroid gland i.e simple goitre

51
Q

Daily requirement of iodine

A

adult men and women 150ug/day

52
Q

Dietary sources of iodine

A
  • seafood (fish, shellfish and seaweed)
  • commercially prepared bread
  • iodised salt
  • milk and eggs
53
Q

Factors that influence the availability of iodine

A
  • iodine content of NZ soil is low, so local vegetables, fruits and grains has low iodine
  • animal feed iodine content will reflect in meat, chicken, eggs and dairy
  • requirement of iodine increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
54
Q

iodine deficiency

A
  • goitre, increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to nuclear radiation. (all ages)
  • Abortion, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, perinatal mortality (fetuses)
  • impaired mental function, delayed physical development, reduced work productivity, etc…
55
Q

very high intakes of iodine may inhabit__________ production

A

thyroid hormone

56
Q

where do you find fluoride

A

in the earth crust

57
Q

fluorine is the most electronegative element T/F

A

true

58
Q

fluorine is extremely reactive T/F

A

true

59
Q

level fo fluoride in water depends on which factors

A
  • on the type of water (surface or groundwater)

- types of rocks and mineral the water contacts.

60
Q

source of fluoride in NZ

A

Volcanic rocks and soils, geothermal fluids

61
Q

which contain more naturally occuring fluoride surface water or ground water?

A

ground water

62
Q

NZ recommended level for fluoridating drinking water is____

A

0.7-1.0 mg/L

63
Q

High concentrations of fluoride in groundwater associated with _____.
natural fluoride levels?

A
  • granites and gneisses

- 0.2-20mg/L

64
Q

recommended intake of fluoride per person per day is___

A

4.0 mg

65
Q

if fluoride reaches concentration of ___ it is toxic

A

250-450mg/L

66
Q

excess fluoride leads to

A
  • mild to severe dental fluorosis (staining or pitting of the teeth)
  • skeletal fluorosis (accumulation of fluoride in the bone)
  • non-skeletal fluorosis (the soft tissues and organs) e.g renal, gonadal
67
Q

sign and symptoms of excess fluoride

A

pain in stomach, loss of appetite, polyuria, muscle weakness, constipation followed by diarrhoea

68
Q

benefit of fluoridated water within intake limit

A
  • reduced severity of tooth decay
  • better teeth
  • Low concentrations of fluoride in the saliva decrease the rate of demineralization
  • Fluoride has an antimicrobial effect on the bacteria in plaque
  • Fluoride in low concentrations inhibits the bacterial enzymes, reduces acid production that causes tooth decay

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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