Nutrition and Elimination Flashcards
Canada Food Guide Suggestions
- 1/2 of your plate should be fruits and vegetables, 1/4 grains and 1/4 meat or protein
- Eat a variety of foods
- Limit fats, oils, sweets, and processed foods
Special diets (7)
- NPO: nothing by mouth
- Low sodium: less salt. Processed or preserved foods are often high in sodium. A reduced sodium form of a processed food may still contain a very high amount, simply less than the original form
- Low fat: choose lean cuts of meat, trim fat, and bake, broil or grill rather than frying food
- Clear fluids: fluids you can see through, including anything that melts into a puddle
- Full fluids: fluids you cannot see through
- Pureed: very smoothly blended, no chunks at all
- Minced: very small pieces of food, consistency of ground beef
- Soft: consistency that could be chewed by someone with no teeth
Feeding (5)
- always use a teaspoon
- never feed more than 2 residents at the same time
- ensure the client is sitting upright
- allow time, do not appear impatient or rushed
- Allow the client choice as able and offer fluids between bites
Complications of Eating (2)
Choking and aspiration
Digestion (4)
- begins in the mouth
- continues throughout the GI tract
- nutrients are absorbed into the body in the small intestine
- Water is absorbed into the body in the large intestine
Aging and Digestion (3)
- things move more slowly through the GI tract
- more water is absorbed into the body which can lead to constipation.
- Nutrients are not absorbed as well in the small intestine, so additional supplements may be required
Dysuria
painful or difficult urination
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Nocturia
urination during the night
Polyuria
excessive urination
Frequency
urinating more often than normal
Urgency
needing to go immediately
Cystitis (UTI)
bladder infection. Signs include frequency, urgency, burning on urination, fever may be present. Encourage extra fluids.
Pyelonephritis
kidney infection. Signs include the above, plus hematuria and possible back pain. Encourage extra fluids
Renal Calculi
kidney stones. Severe pain (back and pelvic region are most common), frequency, voiding small amounts, hematuria and more. Encourage fluids and strain urine
Diarrhea
excessive water in the bowel movement, generally more frequent bowel movements
Constipation
hard, dry BM, generally less frequent than normal for that person. Provide fibre, bulk forming food, extra fluids and exercise to avoid this. The persons normal routine should also be followed and the need for a bowel movement should never be ignored.
Fecal impaction
BM ‘stuck’ in the lower GI tract, not allowing solids to pass by. The person may pass small amounts of liquid BM, have abd discomfort and nausea
Bowel obstruction
solid BM is completely blocking the GI tract so that nothing can get through. Can result in perforation (bursting) of the colon, infection and even death
Ileostomy
part of the small intestine is brought out through the abdomen. BM will be liquid and very irritating to the skin. Good skin care is essential
Colostomy
Part of the large intestine (colon) is brought out through the abdomen. If this is near the rectum, BM will be solid. If near the beginning of the colon, BM will be liquid
Incontinence (3)
- being unable to get to the washroom due to mobility or cognitive issues
- decreased sensation results in not recognizing the urge to eliminate until it is too late
- weakening of the sphincter that allows you to control elimination
Incontinence Care (4)
- offer assistance with toileting regularily if needed
- respond promptly to requests for assistance
- only offer incontinence products if already approved, then check and change frequently
- ensure privacy, comfort and dignity
Should catheter be used to treat incontinence?
No
Why: increased risk of infection and falls
