Nutrition and Elimination

Question 1

Canada Food Guide Suggestions

Answer 1

1. 1/2 of your plate should be fruits and vegetables, 1/4 grains and 1/4 meat or protein
2. Eat a variety of foods
3. Limit fats, oils, sweets, and processed foods

Question 2

Special diets (7)

Answer 2

1. NPO: nothing by mouth
2. Low sodium: less salt. Processed or preserved foods are often high in sodium. A reduced sodium form of a processed food may still contain a very high amount, simply less than the original form
3. Low fat: choose lean cuts of meat, trim fat, and bake, broil or grill rather than frying food
4. Clear fluids: fluids you can see through, including anything that melts into a puddle
5. Full fluids: fluids you cannot see through
6. Pureed: very smoothly blended, no chunks at all
7. Minced: very small pieces of food, consistency of ground beef
8. Soft: consistency that could be chewed by someone with no teeth

Question 3

Feeding (5)

Answer 3

1. always use a teaspoon
2. never feed more than 2 residents at the same time
3. ensure the client is sitting upright
4. allow time, do not appear impatient or rushed
5. Allow the client choice as able and offer fluids between bites

Question 4

Complications of Eating (2)

Answer 4

Choking and aspiration

Question 5

Digestion (4)

Answer 5

1. begins in the mouth
2. continues throughout the GI tract
3. nutrients are absorbed into the body in the small intestine
4. Water is absorbed into the body in the large intestine

Question 6

Aging and Digestion (3)

Answer 6

1. things move more slowly through the GI tract
2. more water is absorbed into the body which can lead to constipation.
3. Nutrients are not absorbed as well in the small intestine, so additional supplements may be required

Question 7

Dysuria

Answer 7

painful or difficult urination

Question 8

Hematuria

Answer 8

blood in the urine

Question 9

Nocturia

Answer 9

urination during the night

Question 10

Polyuria

Answer 10

excessive urination

Question 11

Frequency

Answer 11

urinating more often than normal

Question 12

Urgency

Answer 12

needing to go immediately

Question 13

Cystitis (UTI)

Answer 13

bladder infection. Signs include frequency, urgency, burning on urination, fever may be present. Encourage extra fluids.

Question 14

Pyelonephritis

Answer 14

kidney infection. Signs include the above, plus hematuria and possible back pain. Encourage extra fluids

Question 15

Renal Calculi

Answer 15

kidney stones. Severe pain (back and pelvic region are most common), frequency, voiding small amounts, hematuria and more. Encourage fluids and strain urine

Question 16

Diarrhea

Answer 16

excessive water in the bowel movement, generally more frequent bowel movements

Question 17

Constipation

Answer 17

hard, dry BM, generally less frequent than normal for that person. Provide fibre, bulk forming food, extra fluids and exercise to avoid this. The persons normal routine should also be followed and the need for a bowel movement should never be ignored.

Question 18

Fecal impaction

Answer 18

BM ‘stuck’ in the lower GI tract, not allowing solids to pass by. The person may pass small amounts of liquid BM, have abd discomfort and nausea

Question 19

Bowel obstruction

Answer 19

solid BM is completely blocking the GI tract so that nothing can get through. Can result in perforation (bursting) of the colon, infection and even death

Question 20

Ileostomy

Answer 20

part of the small intestine is brought out through the abdomen. BM will be liquid and very irritating to the skin. Good skin care is essential

Question 21

Colostomy

Answer 21

Part of the large intestine (colon) is brought out through the abdomen. If this is near the rectum, BM will be solid. If near the beginning of the colon, BM will be liquid

Question 22

Incontinence (3)

Answer 22

1. being unable to get to the washroom due to mobility or cognitive issues
2. decreased sensation results in not recognizing the urge to eliminate until it is too late
3. weakening of the sphincter that allows you to control elimination

Question 23

Incontinence Care (4)

Answer 23

1. offer assistance with toileting regularily if needed
2. respond promptly to requests for assistance
3. only offer incontinence products if already approved, then check and change frequently
4. ensure privacy, comfort and dignity

Question 24

Should catheter be used to treat incontinence?

Answer 24

No
Why: increased risk of infection and falls

Question 25

Catheter care (2)

Answer 25

1. ensure it is free of kinks and 2. that the drainage bag and tubing is below the level of the persons bladder.

Question 26

How much should you urinate per day?

Answer 26

1500 mL

Question 27

Sodium

Answer 27

1. Mineral 2. Needed for muscle/nerve function and balancing fluid 3. Found in salt and preservatives

Question 28

Cystis

Answer 28

Bladder

Question 29

Pyelo

Answer 29

Renal pelvis

Question 30

Nephro

Answer 30

Kidney