Nutrition and Digestion (CHO + PROTEIN) Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides definition

A

hexose sugars (6C) - breakdown products of complex CHOs which are absorbed by the small intestine

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2
Q

Monosaccharide examples

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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3
Q

Disaccharides definition

A

two monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

How are disaccharides broken down

A

broken down into constituent monomers by brush border enzymes of the small intestine

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5
Q

Lactose is broken down into

A

glucose + galactose using lactase

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6
Q

Sucrose is broken down into

A

glucose + fructose using sucrase

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7
Q

Maltose is broken down into

A

glucose + glucose using maltase

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8
Q

Disaccharide examples

A

lactose, sucrose, maltose

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9
Q

Polysaccharides definiton

A

long chains of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

Polysaccharide examples

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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11
Q

Starch definition

A
  1. plant storage form of glucose
  2. two types: a-amylose and amylopectin
  3. linked by a-1.4 glycosidic bonds
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12
Q

a-amylose chains are

A

straight chains of glucose

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13
Q

amylopectin chains are

A

highly branched chains of glucose

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14
Q

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds (starch, glycogen) are hydrolysed by what enzyme

A

amylases (some from saliva, most from pancreas)

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15
Q

cellulose definition

A
  1. constituent of plant cell walls
  2. unbranched linear chains of glucose monomers
  3. linked by B-1,4 glycosidic bonds
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16
Q

can the B-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose be enzymatically digested

A

no, it is a dietary fibre - requires cellulase which is found in bacteria

17
Q

glycogen definition

A
  1. animal storage form of glucose

2. glucose monomers linked by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

18
Q

Polysaccharides are broken down by amylases into

A

disaccharides

19
Q

sucrose, maltose and lactose are all

A

oligosaccharidases

20
Q

Enterocyte definition

A

intestinal absorptive cells - simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine

21
Q

How do glucose and galactose get into the cytoplasm of enterocytes

A

sodium-glucose co-transproters (SGLT-1) that are found on the apical surface of enterocytes

22
Q

How does fructose get into the cytoplasm of the enterocyte

A

uses GLUT5 to cross the apical membrane (facilitated diffusion)

23
Q

How do glucose and galactose exit the enterocyte to get into the blood stream

A

uses GLUT2 to exit via the basolateral membrane

facilitated diffusion

24
Q

How does fructose exit the enterocyte to get into the blood stream

A

uses GLUT2 to exit via the basolateral membrane

facilitated diffusion

25
Q

How does the sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) work

A
  1. NaK pump on the basal membrane pumps 2K in and 3Na out
  2. Does this via energy from hydrolysis of ATP
  3. This ATPase maintains small -ve electric potential in cell
  4. Electrogenic and osmotic Na+ gradient (from NaK pump and ATPase) in the cell used to transport monosaccharides out
26
Q

Protein definition

A

polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds - can vary in length

27
Q

Peptides definition

A

small proteins, 3-10 amino acids in length

28
Q

addition of CHO to a protein creates

A

glycoprotein

29
Q

addition of a lipid to a protein creates

A

lipoprotein

30
Q

proteases

A

enzymes which hydrolyse peptide bonds and reduce proteins into amino acids

31
Q

peptidases

A

enzymes which hydrolyse peptide bonds and reduce peptides into amino acids

32
Q

How do amino acids enter into enterocytes

A

enter at the apical membrane along with Na+ using co-transpoters (SAAT1)

33
Q

How do amino acids exit the enterocyte and get into the blood stream

A

enter the circulation via selective channels in the basolateral membrane