Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards
How many regions is the abdomen split into
9
Upper right region
Right Hypochondrium
Upper middle region
Epigastrium
Upper left region
Left Hypochondrium
Middle right region
right Lumbar
Central region
Periumbilical
Middle left region
Left Lumbar
Lower right region
Right Iliac fossa
Lower middle region
Hypogastrium
Lower left region
Left Iliac fossa
Diseases of the foregut
- Peptic ulcer, gastric disease
- Biliary/pancreatic disease
- Hepatic disease
Diseases of the midgut
- Appendicitis
- Small bowel obstruction
- “Proximal” colon cancer
Diseases of the hindgut
- Large bowel obstruction
- Diverticular disease
- Carcinoma of the colon
How many constrictions does the Oesophagus have
3
Where does the cervical oesophageal constriction occur
15cm from incisor teeth
also known as Pharyngo-oesophageal
Where does the thoracic oesophageal constriction occur
crossed by arch of aorta (22.5 cm from incisor teeth) and left main bronchus (27.5cm)
(also known as broncho-aortic)
Where does the diaphragmatic oesophageal constriction occur
passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (40cm from incisor teeth)
Name the 4 different parts of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
What is the cardia of the stomach
Area where the contents of the oesophagus is emptied into the stomach
What is the fundus of the stomach
area formed by the upper curvature of the organ
What is the body of the stomach
main central region
What is the pyloric part of the stomach
sphincter - lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine - also contains the antrum (storage) and pyloric canal
Name the curvatures of the stomach
lesser and greater
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter
controls discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum
What organs/structures make up the “stomach bed”
Diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon
name three common clinical conditions associated with the stomach
- congenital pyloric stenosis - thickening of smooth muscle in the pylorus
- carcinoma (cancer) of the stomach
- gastric ulcers and vagotomy
How many lobes does the liver have
2 - right (large) and left (small)
What ligament runs between the lobes of the liver
falciform ligament - remnant of ventral mesogastrium
What vessel makes a groove in the liver but does not pass through
IVC
Liver surface anatomy
lies deep to ribs 7-11 not he right side
Attached to the stomach via
lesser omentum
What makes up the portal triad
Hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
What is the function of the biliary duct
carry bile from the liver to gallbladder
Where is bile produced
liver
Where is bile stored and concentrated
gall bladder
How much bile can the gallbladder store at one time
up to 50ml
what artery supplies the gall bladder
cystic artery
where does the cystic artery lie
triangle of clot - area between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of the liver
What is biliary colic
when pain occurs due to a gallstone temporarily blocking the bile duct - also known as a gallbladder/stone attack
What are the 4 F’s risk factors for biliary colic
Fertile, fatty, female of forty
What is the function of the pancreas
accessory digestive gland
- exocrine = pancreatic juice
- endocrine = insulin and glucagon
how is the pancreas peritonised
retroperitoneal
where does the pancreas lie
along the transpyloric plane - L1/2
Name the different parts of the pancreas
uncinate process, head, neck, body, tail
where is the portal vein formed
behind the neck of the pancreas
what is the function of the spleen
mobile haemo-lymphoid organ (blood filter)
*it is the most frequently injured abdominal organ
Surface marking of spleen
9-11 ribs on left side
how is the spleen peritonised
intraperitoneal - entirely covered by peritoneum except at the hilum
define splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of spleen - some causes are anaemia and typhoid fever
what must you be careful not to damage when removing the spleen
tail of pancreas - can use diabetes
