Nutrition and cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of cancer?

A

Carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma

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2
Q

What types of DNA damage mechanisms can be induced by genotoxic carcinogens?

A

point mutations, deletions and insertions, recombinations, rearrangements, amplification, chromosome aberration, DNA adducts

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3
Q
Genotoxic = \_\_\_components
Non-genotoxic = \_\_component
A
Genotoxic = Microcomponents
Non-geno = Macrocomponents
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4
Q

Give some examples of toxic microcomponents

A
  • Heterocyclic amines
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • N-Nitrosamines
  • Aflatoxin B1
  • Alcohol
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5
Q

What food product are heterocyclic amines found in?

What do they do in vivo?

A

Found in muscle meets at high cooking temperatures (bbq etc)

They form adducts with DNA bases and induce nitrnium ions -> bind to guanine and alter DNA sequence

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6
Q

How are heterocyclic amines formed (biochemically)

A

Pyrolysis of proteins/amino acids/creatine

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7
Q

What are the target organs of heterocyclic amines?

A

Stomach, oesophagus, colon, breast, prostate

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8
Q

1) What is the genetic influence of HCA’s?
2) What are the activating enzymes?
3) What are the detoxifying enzymes?

A

1) Genetic polymorphisms in the genes that encode metabolizing enzymes for HCA activation or detoxificaion
E.g. NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1, GSTT1, SULTA1
2) Cyt P450 (CYP1A2), N-acetyl transferase
3) N-acetyl transferase (NAT2)

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9
Q

How are N-Nitrosamines formed?

A

Binding of Nitrites and Nitrates to amino acids

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10
Q

What does the GCP nutraceutical stand for and what is it’s medical use?

A

Genistein combined polysaccharide

Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis

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11
Q

What nutraceuticals have been tested for coronary heart disease?

A

Soy protein (genistein)
Stanol/sterol esters
Omega-3 oil
B-glucans

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12
Q

What is the role of vitamin E in prostate cancer?
What are the food sources of vitamin E
Tocopherols and Tocotrienols?

A

Mitochondria-triggered intrinsic apoptosis (pro-apoptotic)
Tocopherols: nuts & vegetable oils
Tocotrienols: palm oil, oat, rye, wheat, rice bran

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13
Q

What is the role of lycopene in preventing prostate cancer?

A

It is a cartotenoid antioxidant
Most efficient cartoenoid for scavenging oxygen radicals and interferes with cancer cell signalling
found in tomatoes

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14
Q

What is the role of soy and isoflavones (found in tofu) in prostate cancer?

A

They are phytochemicals
Activa component - genistein
Genistein inhibits the enzyme tyrosine kinase - pro-apoptotic, inhibits prostate cancer cell growth

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15
Q

What is the major catechin in green tea?

A

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)

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16
Q

What are the common mechanisms of chemoprevention? (8)

A
Inhibit cell signalling
Anti-angiogenesis
Anti-invasive
Pro-apoptosis
Anti-proliferative 
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-oxidative
Anti-tumour
17
Q

What are some potential problems with nutraceuticals?

A
Only 1% tested
Contradictory information
Interactions unknown
Oral bioavailability
Metabolism
Specific tissue targetting
18
Q

What are the different types of nanoparticles? (4)

A

Polymer
Dendrimer
Liposomal
Iron oxide

19
Q

What cancer does poppy seeds, basil leaves and cumin seeds reduce?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

20
Q

Why is there increased risk of oral and oesophagael cance in india?

A
Reverse smoking and Paan chewing 
Salted tea with sodium bicarbonate
Sundried veg and chillies 
(high nitrosamine content)
Kalakhar from banana skin
21
Q

What is in deep fried vegetables and salted/sun-dried fish that can cause cervical cancer?

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

22
Q

What are the components of a traditional Mediterranean diet?

A

high monounsaturated to saturated lipid ratio

  • high fruit consumption
  • high vegetable consumption
  • high legume consumption
  • high cereal consumption
  • moderate-to-high fish consumption
  • low-to-moderate milk/dairy consumption
  • moderate ethanol consumption
23
Q

2-point increase in an Mediterranean Diet score associated with __% reduction in overall cancer mortality

A

2-point increase in an MD score associated with:

24% reduction in overall cancer mortality