Nutrition Flashcards by Noelle Power

what is the most appropriate replacement fluid for routine physical activity?

water is most appropriate replacement fluid for routine physical activity
- prolonged vigorous activity may require sports drinks

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what are probiotics

LIVE MICROORGANISMS which can confer a health effect on the host when consumed in adequate amounts
- they are nonpathogenic in the normal host

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what are prebiotics

NONVIABLE FOOD COMPONENTS which can confer a health benefit on the host by modulating intestinal microflora

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what is antibiotic associated diarrhea

defined as ≥ 3 loose stools/day for ≥ 2 days occurring up to two weeks after the initiation of antibiotics

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what are clinical conditions that may benefit from probiotic use (5)

antibiotic associated diarrhea
acute infectious viral diarrhea
to help prevent NEC
may decrease symptoms of colic
may decrease symptoms of IBS

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if mom’s own milk is unavailable then what should be offered to the infant for feeding?

pasteurized donor milk

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what does pasteurizing human breast milk do?

inactivated bacterial and viral contaminants

decreases IgA, IgG and eliminates IgM

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when monitoring growth, how long do you use corrected age

up to 24-36 months

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at what age should you start doing BMI

age 2

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what is the gold standard chart for monitoring growth

WHO growth charts

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at what age do we stop measuring head circumference

age 2

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what BMI is considered underweight
risk of overweight
overweight
obese
for age 2-5

underweight <3rd %ile
risk of overweight: >85%ile
overweight: >97% ile
obese: >99.9%ile

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what is considered stunting

severe stunting

<3%ile

<0.1

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what BMI is considered:
overweight
obese
severe obese
for age 5-19

risk of overweight: -
overweight >85%ile
obese >97%ile
severe obesity >99.9%ile

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supplemental floride is recommended if the concentration in the water is less than what?

<0.3ppm

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what are some signs of fluorosis

enamel striations
snow-capped cusps
chalky white teeth

how does fluoride prevent dental caries (3)

reduces plaque
inhibits demineralization
enhances remineralization of the enamel

when would you consider supplemental fluoride (3)

fluoride in water <0.3ppm
child does not brush their teeth BID
high risk for caries

when should you introduce milk? what percentage? how much?

9-12 months
homogenized (no skim milk <2yo)
500mL per day

when should lumpy textures be introduced?

no later than 9 months of age

what should be a Childs first food

iron rich food at 6 months of age

what are the categories for causes of growth failure

poor nutritional intake- AN, child eating poorly
malabsorption- pancreatic disease (CF, shwachmann diamond), intestinal disease (celiac, Crohn’s), cholestatic liver disease
increased consumption- chronic disease, chronic infection
endocrine- GH deficiency, hypothyroidism
rare- renal tubular acidosis, diencephalic tumor

what is the basic workup for growth failure

Step 1
•Complete blood count
•Erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein
•Serum electrolytes, venous blood gas, blood glucose
•Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine
•Serum protein and albumin
•Serum iron, TIBC, saturation, ferritin
•Calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase
•Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT)
•Serum immunoglobulins
•Tissue transglutaminases (accompanied by total IgA level)
•TSH
•Urinalysis

Step 2
•Sweat chloride
•Vitamin levels
•Fecal elastase
•Bone age

Step 3
•Refer to specialist

what is an example of an appetite stimulant

cryoheptadine

what's the equation for mid parental height

mom's + dad's +/- 13/2

Toddler 2.5 years old, mum concerned that not eating well, having a lot of battles to get him to eat. List 5 tips to help mom.

1. Reassure parents that a decrease in appetite is normal for children two to five years of age 2. Limit meal time to 20 minutes 3. 1 TBSP of food per age 4. Avoid distractions at meal times (TV) 5. Eat together when possible 6. Do not allow grazing during the day. Snacks mid way between meals 7. Do not punish 8. A 10 min to 15 min notice before any meal helps children to prepare and settle down before eating 9. Explain that while parents are responsible for which foods children are offered to eat, the child is responsible for how much to eat

what is the criteria for infantile colic

Infants younger than 4 months of age Paroxysms of irritability, fussiness, or crying that start and stop without obvious cause Episodes last 3h or more per day, occur at least 3 days per week, for at least 1 week No failure to thrive

what are the two situations where soy formula is recommended

1. galactosemia | 2. religious reasons (veganism)

Are prebiotics or probiotics recommended for the management of colic?

No! Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of probiotics or prebiotics in the management of colic

what is one treatment option you could consider for colic?

If severe colic with concern of CMPA, can consider eliminating dairy from mom’s diet x 2 weeks Ensure no reduction in breastfeeding, and adequate Ca and Vit D for baby and mom Can try 2 weeks of extensively hydrolyzed formula if bottle fed If there is no definite benefit after two weeks, the dietary restrictions should be lifted.

what babies should not get soy formula? (2) why?

congenital hypothyroidism preterm babies soy formula contains phytoestrogens and may inhibit thyroid peroxidase and lower free thyroxin levels

what formula is recommended for CMPA

extensively hydrolyzed formula | Contraindicated in non-IgE mediated CMPA since there is a high rate of overlap with soy allergy

the most effective measures to reduce iron deficiency, including: (4)

Delayed cord clamping If formula feeding, providing iron-fortified formula Feeding iron-rich complementary foods from age 6 months Not using cow’s milk as the main milk source until infants are a year old, and limiting cow’s milk intake to 500 mL/day thereafter.

for low birth weight infants what is the recommendation for iron supplementation

Infants with a birth weight of 2.0 kg to 2.5 kg, should receive an iron supplement of 1-2 mg/kg/day for the first 6 months of age. Infants with a birth weight less than 2.0 kg, should receive an iron supplement of 2-3 mg/kg/day for the first year of age.