Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What does the body use nutrients for
A
Growth, maintenance, and repair
2
Q
Six categories of nutrients
A
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Vitamins Minerals Water
3
Q
These make up the bulk of dietary needs
A
Macronutrients; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
4
Q
These are required in much smaller amounts
A
Vitamins, minerals, and water
5
Q
Molecular compounds made from three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
A
Carbohydrates
6
Q
Three types of carbohydrates
A
simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber
7
Q
Carbohydrates
A
provide fuel for the body and brain (typically 4 kilocalories)
8
Q
Simple carbohydrates
A
divisible into monosaccharides and disaccharides
9
Q
What are the monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, and galactose
10
Q
what are the three primary disaccharides
A
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
11
Q
Glucose
A
Main fuel for the body (and sole source of energy for the brain)
Precusor to RNA and DNA
12
Q
Fructose (levulose)
A
Sweetest of the monosaccha
Enhances the absorption of water, sodium, and potassium
All vegtables contain high levels of fructose
13
Q
Most abundant carbohydrate in nature
A
Glucose
14
Q
Sucrose
A
Referred to as table sugar
3.9 calories per gram
Most implicated in dental caries of all sweeteners***
15
Q
Lactose
A
Known as milk sugar
Lactase digests lactose and the production decreases with age = lactose intolerance
16
Q
Maltose
A
Malt sugar with two glucose molecules
Intermediate product of the starch (polysaccharide) digestion
17
Q
Common sugar alcohols (polyols)
A
Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol,
18
Q
Pure xylitol
A
derived from cellulose product, such as wood straw and pulp cane
19
Q
Xylitol
A
Used as a carie protective agent
Works most effectively on teeth that are erupting
20
Q
Zero or low calorie alternatives to nutritive sweeteners
A
nonnutritive sweeteners
21
Q
Saccharin
A
Sweet N Low
Bitter aftertase is common
22
Q
Brand names for aspartame
A
Equal classic and nutrasweet
23
Q
Aspartame containing products are most stable at a pH of
A
4.3
24
Q
Stability of aspartame
A
temperature dependant and is not to be used in baking or cooking
25
The three amino acids in aspartame
phenylalanine and aspartate and methanol (wood alcohol)
26
PKU and aspartame
it is important for sufferers of PKU to keep levels of phenylalanine low and to avoid consuming ANY food or beverage product containing aspartame
27
Acesulfame K
stimulates insulin secretion but can cause hypoglycemia
28
Active ingredient in Splenda
Sucralose
29
Brand name for stevia
Trivia or purevia
30
Stevia
related to lettuce and marigolds
| also known as sweet leaf and sugar leaf
31
Carbohydrates with three to ten units of glucose are sometimes called
oligosaccharides
32
Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides
amylose and amylopectin
33
Where does starch naturally occur
plant foods
34
what is the most important carbohydrate
starch
35
The storage form of glucose
glycogen
36
glycogen
Stored and produced primarily by the hepatocytes in the liver and is also stored in muscle cells
37
most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal
diabetes
38
roughage or bulk
fiber
39
Soluble (or functional) fiber
dissolves in water
40
Insoluble (or dietary) fiber
promotes the movement of material through the digestive system (peristalsis)
41
This type of fiber prevents or relieves constipation and aids in weight control and lowering diabetes and heart disease risk
insoluble or dietary fiber
42
recommended daily fiber intake
25-38 grams
43
digestion of polysaccharide (starch)
Initial digestion begins in the oral cavity with the secretion of salivary amylase
Digestion continues in small intestine with release of pancreatic amylase
44
digestion of disaccharide
occurs in the small intestine and is dependent on enzymes
45
Breaks down sucrose
sucrase
46
breaks down lactose
lactase
47
breaks down maltose
maltase
48
Primary source of energy
Carbohydrates
49
dietary requirement for carbohydrates
45% to 65% of their calorie intake
50
A disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine
Diabetes mellitus
51
Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent
islets of langerhands in the pancreas affected
characterized by weight loss and increased appetite
52
Type 2 diabetes
most common type of diabetes
associated with obesity
insufficient insulin
characterized by weight gain with increased appetite
53
signs and symptoms of diabetes
Hyperglycemia
Acetone breath
Ketonemia and ketonuria
Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
54
Chronic complications of diabetes
```
increased susceptiblity of periodontal diseases
xerostomia
loss of sight
compromised kidney function
poor circulation
```
55
the most common cause of diabetes associated death
cardiovascular risks
56
when should you schedule diabetics
early in the morning after breakfast
57
Most common diabetes related emergency
hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
58
Large organic compounds that play many critical rols in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
Proteins
59
What are proteins made up of
amino acids
60
the three groups of amino acids
essential amino acids
nonessential amino acids
conditional amino acids
61
Essential amino acids
cannot be made by the body, they must come from food
62
Nonessential amino acids
can be synthesized in the body (generally in the liver)
63
conditional amino acids
are usually not essential (except in times of illness and stress)
64
Will provide the body with all nine of the essential amino acids
Found only in animal products (exception soy)
complete proteins
65
Incomplete proteins
lack one or more of the essential amino acids
| found in non-animal foods
66
Example of complementary proteins
Rice and beans
67
Protein digestion
begins in the stomach with the action of the enzyme pepsin
68
Two main types of undernutrition
marasmus and kwashiokor
69
Marasmus
```
Means to waste away
inadequate food intake over a long period of time
weight loss
dehydration
chronic diarrhea
stomach shrinkage
```
70
Kwashiokor
```
severe protein deficiency
children 18 months to two years of age
edema or swollen appearance
bulging of the abdomen
inability to grow or gain weight
```
71
Lipids (fats)
molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells
Not soluble in water
72
Saturated fats
typically solids and are derived from animals
| increase serum cholesterol levels
73
monounsaturated fatty acids
No hydrogen atoms
found in plants
maintain serum cholestrol levels *
74
monounsaturated and is the most abundant fatty acid in nature
omega 9 fatty acid
Oleic acid
75
have more than one unsaturated carbon bond in the molecule
| must be obtained through diet
polyunsaturated fatty acids
76
What are the two essential fatty acids
linoleic acid (omega 6 fatty acid) and linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acid)
77
Linoleic acid
omega 6 fatty acid
| used to make eicosanoids which regulates inflammation
78
linolenic acid
omega 3 fatty acid
lowers cardiovascular risk by lowering cholesterol levels
oily fish
79
fats provide how many kilocaloris per gram
9
80
functions of lipids (fats)
Carry fat soluble vitamins
| provide insulation to maintain body temperature (core temperature) and protect organs
81
vitamins
```
organic compounds (meaning they always contain carbon)
essential because the human body either doe not produce enough of them or none at all
```
82
how many known vitamins are there
13
83
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E and K
84
fat soluble vitamins
easier for the body to store and is usally in the liver or adipose tissue
because these vitamins are no readily excreted, they can build up to toxic levels
85
fat soluble renoids suck as retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters
Vitamin A
86
Vitamin A functions
immune function, vision (prevents night blindness), bone health
87
Inadequate vitamin A consumption
can alter keratinization of oral tissues however vitamin C is much more influential in maintaining tissue integritity
88
Vitamin D
promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate to enable mineralization of bone
Produced endogenously
89
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets and osteomalacia
| Rickets is in children and osteomalacia is in adults
90
symptoms of osteomalacia
bowed legs, bent posture, and muscle weakness
91
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Antioxidant activités
| exists in eight chemical forms
92
Alpha tocopherol
is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements
93
Vitamin E functions
antioxidant
| anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and immune enhancement
94
Cautions with vitamin E
potential to interact with several types of medications such as anticoagulant and anti platelet
Can cause gingival bleeding
95
Vitamin K
involved in blood clotting and helps prothrombin (clotting factor II)
96
Most common sources of vitamin K
spinach and broccoli
97
Water soluble vitamins
are not stored in the body
| can be destroyed by heat or air exposure
98
what are the water soluble vitamins
vitamin C, all the B vitamins
99
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
production of collagen
powerful antioxidant
helps repair tissue and reduce damage from inflammation and oxidation
fights off infections
100
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
| abnormal collegan synthesis (bleeding gingiva, delayed wound healing, bleeding into joints, anemia)
101
B vitamins
Help the body convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose) to produce energy
help the nervous system function properly
102
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Anti-stress vitamin
| Plays a crucial role forming ATP
103
Beri beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is from what vitamin deficiency
Thiamin (e) (Vitamin B1)
104
What are the symptoms of beri beri
Swelling, tingling, or burning sensation in the hands and feet
Confusion
Trouble breathing because of fluid in the lungs
Uncontrolled eye movements (nystagmus)
105
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Malnutrition caused by alcoholism
| memory problems and nerve damage
106
Riboflavin (B2)
Essential component of two major coenzymes; these enzymes play a major role in energy production, cellular function, growth, and development; and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids
107
Niacin (B3)
supports cardiovascular health
| deficiency is rare and is typically found in alcoholics
108
What is vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellegra
109
Symptoms of pellegra
4 D's: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death
110
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Supports adrenal function and maintain a healthy nervous system
Breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
111
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
dermatitis, cracked and sore lips, inflammed tongue
112
Vitamin B9 (folate, folic acid)
Forms healthy red blood cells
| Important in preventing birth defects (spina bifida)
113
What is B9 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
114
Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia
red, beefy tongue that can be painful; angular stomatitis; diarrhea, and neurologic presentations
115
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Contains cobalt
proper RBC formation
needed for folate metabolism
found only in animal products
116
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Weakened bones
Nerve damage (tingling)
pallor and brown-gray fingernail and toenail discoloration
117
Macrominerals
Found in 5 grams or more
| Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur
118
Most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
119
Functions of calcium
Forms and maintains bone and tooth structure
coagulates blood
builds and maintains connnective tissue
120
Osteoporosis
deficiency of calcium and vitamin D
121
Sodium
Maintains blood pressure and fluid balance
| Does not cause hypertension AGGRAVATES it
122
What contains the highest levels of sodium
Processed foods, added dietary table salt, and bread products
123
Recommended daily sodium intake
no more than 2,300 mg (one teaspoon) daily
124
Potassium
Cells need a high internal concentration of potassium for sodium potassium ATP pump --> membrane potential
125
Microminerals
iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium
126
Systemic symptoms of anemia
Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and pica
127
oral symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
angular chelitis, cheilosis, mucosal pallor, burning sensation of oral mucosa, lingual varicosity, dry mouth, oral lichen plants, and atrophic glossitis
128
Copper
keeps arteries flexible
aids in formation of collagen
deficiency is rare
129
Iodine
essential component of the thyroid hormones with regulate basal metabolic rate
130
Deficiency of iodine
during pregnancy - cretinism
| dietary - goiter and hypothyroidism
131
An estimate of how many calories are burned at rest for 24 hours; the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning
Basal metabolism rate (BMR)
132
Voluntary component of energy
degree of physical activity
133
energy needed to digest and absorb nutrients
Specific dynamic activity (SDA)
134
Highest mortality rate of all psychiatric diseases
anorexia
135
oral characteristics of bulimia
```
Dental erosion (perimolysis)
floating fillings
enlarged parotid glands
```
136
oral signs and symptoms of dehydration
dry oral mucosa, furrowed tongue, and dry, cracked lips
137
saccharides are molecular compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
138
A patient presents for treatment with angular cheilosis. what is the potential cause?
pyridoxine deficiency
139
pale oral mucosa may result from deficiency of what nutrients
vitamin B12
140
Cows milk is an excellent source of what vitamin
B12
141
Which monosaccharide is considered to be the sweetest
fructose
142
Salivary amylase is involved in the initial digestion of
polysaccharides
143
Collagen formation, degradation and quality depends on what cofactor
vitamin C
144
what is the storage form of glucose
glycogen
145
a 'heart healthy diet' would likely be made up of
increased monounsaturated fat intake
146
Which vitamin deficiency is often linked to night blindness
vitamin A
147
As a polysaccharide, dextran are metabolized from
sucrose
148
Phenylketonuria is assoicated with a build up of phenylalanine in the body. What food additive must be avoided with people suffering from PKU
aspartame
149
Pernicious anemia is associated with what vitamin deficiency
vitamin B12
150
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with what vitamin deficiency
thiamine
151
Carbohydrates typically yield
4 kilocalories pe gram
152
the most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is
diabetes
153
Which nutrient is required for folate metabolism
cobalamin
154
beri beri is assoicated with
nystagmus
