Nutrition Flashcards
What does the body use nutrients for
Growth, maintenance, and repair
Six categories of nutrients
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Vitamins Minerals Water
These make up the bulk of dietary needs
Macronutrients; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
These are required in much smaller amounts
Vitamins, minerals, and water
Molecular compounds made from three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
Three types of carbohydrates
simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber
Carbohydrates
provide fuel for the body and brain (typically 4 kilocalories)
Simple carbohydrates
divisible into monosaccharides and disaccharides
What are the monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
what are the three primary disaccharides
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
Glucose
Main fuel for the body (and sole source of energy for the brain)
Precusor to RNA and DNA
Fructose (levulose)
Sweetest of the monosaccha
Enhances the absorption of water, sodium, and potassium
All vegtables contain high levels of fructose
Most abundant carbohydrate in nature
Glucose
Sucrose
Referred to as table sugar
3.9 calories per gram
Most implicated in dental caries of all sweeteners***
Lactose
Known as milk sugar
Lactase digests lactose and the production decreases with age = lactose intolerance
Maltose
Malt sugar with two glucose molecules
Intermediate product of the starch (polysaccharide) digestion
Common sugar alcohols (polyols)
Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol,
Pure xylitol
derived from cellulose product, such as wood straw and pulp cane
Xylitol
Used as a carie protective agent
Works most effectively on teeth that are erupting
Zero or low calorie alternatives to nutritive sweeteners
nonnutritive sweeteners
Saccharin
Sweet N Low
Bitter aftertase is common
Brand names for aspartame
Equal classic and nutrasweet
Aspartame containing products are most stable at a pH of
4.3
Stability of aspartame
temperature dependant and is not to be used in baking or cooking
The three amino acids in aspartame
phenylalanine and aspartate and methanol (wood alcohol)
PKU and aspartame
it is important for sufferers of PKU to keep levels of phenylalanine low and to avoid consuming ANY food or beverage product containing aspartame
Acesulfame K
stimulates insulin secretion but can cause hypoglycemia
Active ingredient in Splenda
Sucralose
Brand name for stevia
Trivia or purevia
Stevia
related to lettuce and marigolds
also known as sweet leaf and sugar leaf
Carbohydrates with three to ten units of glucose are sometimes called
oligosaccharides
Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides
amylose and amylopectin
Where does starch naturally occur
plant foods
what is the most important carbohydrate
starch
The storage form of glucose
glycogen
glycogen
Stored and produced primarily by the hepatocytes in the liver and is also stored in muscle cells
most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal
diabetes
roughage or bulk
fiber
Soluble (or functional) fiber
dissolves in water
Insoluble (or dietary) fiber
promotes the movement of material through the digestive system (peristalsis)
This type of fiber prevents or relieves constipation and aids in weight control and lowering diabetes and heart disease risk
insoluble or dietary fiber
recommended daily fiber intake
25-38 grams
digestion of polysaccharide (starch)
Initial digestion begins in the oral cavity with the secretion of salivary amylase
Digestion continues in small intestine with release of pancreatic amylase
digestion of disaccharide
occurs in the small intestine and is dependent on enzymes
Breaks down sucrose
sucrase
breaks down lactose
lactase
breaks down maltose
maltase
Primary source of energy
Carbohydrates
dietary requirement for carbohydrates
45% to 65% of their calorie intake
A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent
islets of langerhands in the pancreas affected
characterized by weight loss and increased appetite
Type 2 diabetes
most common type of diabetes
associated with obesity
insufficient insulin
characterized by weight gain with increased appetite
signs and symptoms of diabetes
Hyperglycemia
Acetone breath
Ketonemia and ketonuria
Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
Chronic complications of diabetes
increased susceptiblity of periodontal diseases xerostomia loss of sight compromised kidney function poor circulation
the most common cause of diabetes associated death
cardiovascular risks
when should you schedule diabetics
early in the morning after breakfast
Most common diabetes related emergency
hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
Large organic compounds that play many critical rols in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs
Proteins
What are proteins made up of
amino acids
the three groups of amino acids
essential amino acids
nonessential amino acids
conditional amino acids
Essential amino acids
cannot be made by the body, they must come from food
Nonessential amino acids
can be synthesized in the body (generally in the liver)
conditional amino acids
are usually not essential (except in times of illness and stress)
Will provide the body with all nine of the essential amino acids
Found only in animal products (exception soy)
complete proteins
Incomplete proteins
lack one or more of the essential amino acids
found in non-animal foods
Example of complementary proteins
Rice and beans
Protein digestion
begins in the stomach with the action of the enzyme pepsin
Two main types of undernutrition
marasmus and kwashiokor
Marasmus
Means to waste away inadequate food intake over a long period of time weight loss dehydration chronic diarrhea stomach shrinkage
Kwashiokor
severe protein deficiency children 18 months to two years of age edema or swollen appearance bulging of the abdomen inability to grow or gain weight
Lipids (fats)
molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells
Not soluble in water
Saturated fats
typically solids and are derived from animals
increase serum cholesterol levels
monounsaturated fatty acids
No hydrogen atoms
found in plants
maintain serum cholestrol levels *
monounsaturated and is the most abundant fatty acid in nature
omega 9 fatty acid
Oleic acid
have more than one unsaturated carbon bond in the molecule
must be obtained through diet
polyunsaturated fatty acids
What are the two essential fatty acids
linoleic acid (omega 6 fatty acid) and linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acid)
Linoleic acid
omega 6 fatty acid
used to make eicosanoids which regulates inflammation
linolenic acid
omega 3 fatty acid
lowers cardiovascular risk by lowering cholesterol levels
oily fish
fats provide how many kilocaloris per gram
9
functions of lipids (fats)
Carry fat soluble vitamins
provide insulation to maintain body temperature (core temperature) and protect organs
vitamins
organic compounds (meaning they always contain carbon) essential because the human body either doe not produce enough of them or none at all
how many known vitamins are there
13
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E and K
fat soluble vitamins
easier for the body to store and is usally in the liver or adipose tissue
because these vitamins are no readily excreted, they can build up to toxic levels
fat soluble renoids suck as retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters
Vitamin A
Vitamin A functions
immune function, vision (prevents night blindness), bone health
Inadequate vitamin A consumption
can alter keratinization of oral tissues however vitamin C is much more influential in maintaining tissue integritity
Vitamin D
promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate to enable mineralization of bone
Produced endogenously
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets and osteomalacia
Rickets is in children and osteomalacia is in adults
symptoms of osteomalacia
bowed legs, bent posture, and muscle weakness
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Antioxidant activités
exists in eight chemical forms
Alpha tocopherol
is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements
Vitamin E functions
antioxidant
anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and immune enhancement
Cautions with vitamin E
potential to interact with several types of medications such as anticoagulant and anti platelet
Can cause gingival bleeding
Vitamin K
involved in blood clotting and helps prothrombin (clotting factor II)
Most common sources of vitamin K
spinach and broccoli
Water soluble vitamins
are not stored in the body
can be destroyed by heat or air exposure
what are the water soluble vitamins
vitamin C, all the B vitamins
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
production of collagen
powerful antioxidant
helps repair tissue and reduce damage from inflammation and oxidation
fights off infections
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
abnormal collegan synthesis (bleeding gingiva, delayed wound healing, bleeding into joints, anemia)
B vitamins
Help the body convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose) to produce energy
help the nervous system function properly
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Anti-stress vitamin
Plays a crucial role forming ATP
Beri beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is from what vitamin deficiency
Thiamin (e) (Vitamin B1)
What are the symptoms of beri beri
Swelling, tingling, or burning sensation in the hands and feet
Confusion
Trouble breathing because of fluid in the lungs
Uncontrolled eye movements (nystagmus)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Malnutrition caused by alcoholism
memory problems and nerve damage
Riboflavin (B2)
Essential component of two major coenzymes; these enzymes play a major role in energy production, cellular function, growth, and development; and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids
Niacin (B3)
supports cardiovascular health
deficiency is rare and is typically found in alcoholics
What is vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellegra
Symptoms of pellegra
4 D’s: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Supports adrenal function and maintain a healthy nervous system
Breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
dermatitis, cracked and sore lips, inflammed tongue
Vitamin B9 (folate, folic acid)
Forms healthy red blood cells
Important in preventing birth defects (spina bifida)
What is B9 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia
red, beefy tongue that can be painful; angular stomatitis; diarrhea, and neurologic presentations
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Contains cobalt
proper RBC formation
needed for folate metabolism
found only in animal products
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Weakened bones
Nerve damage (tingling)
pallor and brown-gray fingernail and toenail discoloration
Macrominerals
Found in 5 grams or more
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur
Most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
Functions of calcium
Forms and maintains bone and tooth structure
coagulates blood
builds and maintains connnective tissue
Osteoporosis
deficiency of calcium and vitamin D
Sodium
Maintains blood pressure and fluid balance
Does not cause hypertension AGGRAVATES it
What contains the highest levels of sodium
Processed foods, added dietary table salt, and bread products
Recommended daily sodium intake
no more than 2,300 mg (one teaspoon) daily
Potassium
Cells need a high internal concentration of potassium for sodium potassium ATP pump –> membrane potential
Microminerals
iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium
Systemic symptoms of anemia
Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and pica
oral symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
angular chelitis, cheilosis, mucosal pallor, burning sensation of oral mucosa, lingual varicosity, dry mouth, oral lichen plants, and atrophic glossitis
Copper
keeps arteries flexible
aids in formation of collagen
deficiency is rare
Iodine
essential component of the thyroid hormones with regulate basal metabolic rate
Deficiency of iodine
during pregnancy - cretinism
dietary - goiter and hypothyroidism
An estimate of how many calories are burned at rest for 24 hours; the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning
Basal metabolism rate (BMR)
Voluntary component of energy
degree of physical activity
energy needed to digest and absorb nutrients
Specific dynamic activity (SDA)
Highest mortality rate of all psychiatric diseases
anorexia
oral characteristics of bulimia
Dental erosion (perimolysis) floating fillings enlarged parotid glands
oral signs and symptoms of dehydration
dry oral mucosa, furrowed tongue, and dry, cracked lips
saccharides are molecular compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
A patient presents for treatment with angular cheilosis. what is the potential cause?
pyridoxine deficiency
pale oral mucosa may result from deficiency of what nutrients
vitamin B12
Cows milk is an excellent source of what vitamin
B12
Which monosaccharide is considered to be the sweetest
fructose
Salivary amylase is involved in the initial digestion of
polysaccharides
Collagen formation, degradation and quality depends on what cofactor
vitamin C
what is the storage form of glucose
glycogen
a ‘heart healthy diet’ would likely be made up of
increased monounsaturated fat intake
Which vitamin deficiency is often linked to night blindness
vitamin A
As a polysaccharide, dextran are metabolized from
sucrose
Phenylketonuria is assoicated with a build up of phenylalanine in the body. What food additive must be avoided with people suffering from PKU
aspartame
Pernicious anemia is associated with what vitamin deficiency
vitamin B12
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with what vitamin deficiency
thiamine
Carbohydrates typically yield
4 kilocalories pe gram
the most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is
diabetes
Which nutrient is required for folate metabolism
cobalamin
beri beri is assoicated with
nystagmus
