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Foundations #3 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Where is undigested food stored in the stomach?

A

Fundus and Body

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2
Q

Where is gastrin secreted and considered the mechanical grinding chamber?

A

Antrum

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3
Q

What does mucous cells secrete?

A

Bicarbonate rich mucous and pepsinogen

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4
Q

What does parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrocholoric acid, Instrinsic Factor

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5
Q

What is pepsinogen activated by in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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6
Q

Chief cells release what?

A

Pepsinogen

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7
Q

Endocrine cells release what?

A

Gastrin

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8
Q

Gastrin is responsible for? (many things)

A

Increases secretion of HCL, pepsinogen, IF via stimulator of parietal cells, Increases motility, Secretes when antrum distends and there is presence of predicted, inhibited by pH < 4 and somatostatin

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9
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

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10
Q

What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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11
Q

Where is acid neutralized and digestion initiated, as well as absorption of iron, calcium, and folic acid?

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

What is responsible for most of digestion and absorption of water and nutrients, and absorption of thiamine?

A

Jejunum

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13
Q

Where is digestion completed, and takes up vitamin B12?

A

Ileum

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14
Q

What is the main function of the Large Intestine?

A

Remove water from the stool

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15
Q

Digestion of food, necessary for normal growth of the lining of the stomach, small intestine and colon

A

Gastrin

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16
Q

Where is secretin secreted?

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

What does pepsin do/accomplish?

A

Break down of proteins

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18
Q

Where is CCK secreted?

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

What causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and causes the gallbladder to release bile?

A

Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

Calculate BMI

A

Body weight (kg) / Height (m)

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21
Q

Underweight BMI

A

<18.5

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22
Q

Overweight

A

25 - 29.9

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23
Q

Obesity

A

> 30

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24
Q

Morbid obesity

A

> 35 with comorbitites or >40

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25
Q

For underweight assessment, what causes severity of illness and increased risk of mortality?

A

Protein calorie malnutrition

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26
Q

What type of patients are at risk for malnutrition/weight loss?

A

The 9 Ds and MEALS ON WHEELS

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27
Q

Loss of hand grip strength and localized or general swelling is an indication of what?

A

Malnutrition

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28
Q

Decrease in appetite

A

Anorexia

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29
Q

Hypercatabolic state by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle

A

Cachexia

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30
Q

Loss of skeletal muscle, as well as strength and performance. Can be caused disses, chronic disease, nutritional deficiencies, and insulin resistance

A

Sarcopenia

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31
Q

How to assess malnutrition in a patient

A

etiology -> history -> physical findings -> Labs

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32
Q

Serum albumin (pre-albumin, vitamin profile, minerals, and lymphocytes are all important lab findings for what condition?

A

Malnutrition

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33
Q

Hollowing of temporal muscles, wasting of upper arms and thigh muscles, easily plucked hair, peripheral edema are all physical findings of what etiology

A

Protein deficiency disorder

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34
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

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35
Q

Where is Vitamin A stored?

A

In the liver

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36
Q

Which vitamin is important for Bone and tooth structure

A

vitamin A

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37
Q

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Goose pump rash

A

Vitamin A deficiency

38
Q

Liver damage, vision changes, bone pain, rough skin, and dry cracked lips

A

Vitamin A excess

39
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Dark green leafy and yellow vegetables, fortified dairy products

40
Q

Rickets, osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency

41
Q

Anorexia, n/v, polydipsia, polyuria

A

Vitamin D Excess

42
Q

Fortified milk, fish liver oils, exposure to UV rays, supplements

A

Sources of Vitamin D

43
Q

Recommended dose of vitamin D for adults - 70yo and >70yo

A

600 iu/day, 800iu/day

44
Q

What vitamin is important in vision and reproduction?

A

Vitamin E

45
Q

What vitamin helps cell membranes against oxidation and free radicals?

A

Vitamin E

46
Q

Prostate cancer is an increased risk with what vitamin supplementation?

A

Vitamin E

47
Q

Neuropathy and red cell hemolysis in malnourished infants

A

Vitamin E deficiency

48
Q

Low toxicity and augments effects of anticoagulants

A

Vitamin E excess

49
Q

What vitamin forms prothrombin for normal blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

50
Q

Where is vitamin K produced in the human body

A

Bacteria in the intestinal tract

51
Q

Prolonged clotting time and hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K deficiency

52
Q

What vitamin forms collagen, keeps teeth firm in the gums, hormone synthesis, resistant to infection, and improve iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

53
Q

Poor wound healing, poor bone and tooth development , dry skin, petechiae, SCURVY - bleeding gums and loose teeth

A

Vitamin C deficiency

54
Q

What vitamin is important for healthy nerves, good digestion, normal appetite, and good mental outlook?

A

Thiamine, (vitamin B1)

55
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy, Beriberi disease, confusion, coma, Nystagmus

A

Thiamine deficiency

56
Q

Cheilitis, burning itching sensitive eyes, Glossitis (Scarlett colored tongue)

A

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency

57
Q

Pellagra - hyper pigmented areas of sun exposed skin

A

Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency

58
Q

Supplementation of what vitamin reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood

A

Niacin (vitamin B3)

59
Q

Neuritis of arms, legs, burning sensation of feet (burning feet syndrome)

A

Pantothenic acid deficiency (vitamin B5)

60
Q

Nasolabial seborrheic dermatitis and cheilosis

A

Pyridoxine deficiency (vitamin B6)

61
Q

Formation of mature red blood cells, synthesis of DNA/RNA, and requires intrinsic factor from stomach for absorption

A

Vitamin B12

62
Q

Pernicious anemia and impaired proprioception and peripheral neuropathy caused by what deficiency?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

63
Q

Macrocytic anemia, needs supplementation in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects

A

Folic acid deficiency

64
Q

AMS, myalgia, anorexia/nausea, alopecia/dermatitis around the eyes

A

Biotin deficiency

65
Q

In kidney disease, a prescription for what mineral is given

A

Phosphate binder (tums)

66
Q

Weakness, irritability, and irregular heart beat (toursades)

A

hypomagnesemia

67
Q

Primary aldosteronism, DKA, CKD, excessive alcohol use

A

Potassium deficiency

68
Q

The following symptoms are consistent with what deficiency? fatigue, muscle cramps, and constipation?

A

Low potassium

69
Q

All of the following are considered what?

calcium, chloride, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sodium, thiamin

A

Macrominerals

70
Q

All of the following are considered what?

irone, iodine, Floride, copper, zinc

A

Microminerals

71
Q

Mostly found in hemoglobin and myoglobin.

A

Iron

72
Q

Most common cause of anemia is

A

Iron deficiency

73
Q

Tooth mottling is due to

A

Excess fluoride

74
Q

Necessary mineral for the formation of insulin by the pancreas

A

Zinc and Copper

75
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica, growth retardation, depressed immunity are all caused by..

A

Zinc deficiency

76
Q

Ceruloplasmin is a form of what mineral in the blood?

A

Copper

77
Q

Wilson’s disease is associated with what?

A

Copper excess

78
Q

Bodys main fuel source is what macronutrient?

A

Carbohydrates

79
Q

Bodys main energy reserve, protectant of vital organs, insulator, and transporter of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Fat

80
Q

Essential fats are what kinds of fats?

A

Polyunsaturated fats

81
Q

Omega 3 and 6 are types of what kind of fats?

A

Polyunsaturated fats

82
Q

Poly unsaturated fats are able to lower or raise LDL and triglycerides?

A

Lower

83
Q

Mediterranean diet is mainly made up of what types of fats?

A

monounsaturated fatty acids

84
Q

What is the “bad” fat that can raise LDL

A

Saturated fats

85
Q

What fat is officially banned in the US and contributes to insulin resistance?

A

Trans fatty acids

86
Q

benefits of what nutrient/type of diet include:
decreased risk of heart disease and CVA
Protective effect against diabetes mellitus
Likely lowers risk colorectal cancer
decreased all-cause mortality

A

High fiber diet

87
Q

What diet is used for the treatment of epilepsy?

A

Low carb/keto diet

88
Q

Hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hepatitis, metabolic acidosis, selenium deficiency are all associated with what diet?

A

Low carb/keto diet

89
Q

What is the best diet for long term weight loss?

A

Low fat diet

90
Q

What diet is suggested for the obese due to it being more filling and thermogenic?

A

High protein diet

91
Q

What diet is consuming between 200-800 calories per day?

A

Very low calorie diet

92
Q

Hair loss, thinning of skin, coldness, increased risk for gallstones are all risk factors of what diet?

A

Very low calorie diet

Foundations #3 (6 decks)

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