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Foundations #3 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Where is undigested food stored in the stomach?

A

Fundus and Body

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2
Q

Where is gastrin secreted and considered the mechanical grinding chamber?

A

Antrum

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3
Q

What does mucous cells secrete?

A

Bicarbonate rich mucous and pepsinogen

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4
Q

What does parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrocholoric acid, Instrinsic Factor

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5
Q

What is pepsinogen activated by in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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6
Q

Chief cells release what?

A

Pepsinogen

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7
Q

Endocrine cells release what?

A

Gastrin

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8
Q

Gastrin is responsible for? (many things)

A

Increases secretion of HCL, pepsinogen, IF via stimulator of parietal cells, Increases motility, Secretes when antrum distends and there is presence of predicted, inhibited by pH < 4 and somatostatin

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9
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

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10
Q

What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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11
Q

Where is acid neutralized and digestion initiated, as well as absorption of iron, calcium, and folic acid?

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

What is responsible for most of digestion and absorption of water and nutrients, and absorption of thiamine?

A

Jejunum

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13
Q

Where is digestion completed, and takes up vitamin B12?

A

Ileum

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14
Q

What is the main function of the Large Intestine?

A

Remove water from the stool

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15
Q

Digestion of food, necessary for normal growth of the lining of the stomach, small intestine and colon

A

Gastrin

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16
Q

Where is secretin secreted?

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

What does pepsin do/accomplish?

A

Break down of proteins

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18
Q

Where is CCK secreted?

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

What causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and causes the gallbladder to release bile?

A

Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

Calculate BMI

A

Body weight (kg) / Height (m)

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21
Q

Underweight BMI

A

<18.5

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22
Q

Overweight

A

25 - 29.9

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23
Q

Obesity

A

> 30

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24
Q

Morbid obesity

A

> 35 with comorbitites or >40

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25
For underweight assessment, what causes severity of illness and increased risk of mortality?
Protein calorie malnutrition
26
What type of patients are at risk for malnutrition/weight loss?
The 9 Ds and MEALS ON WHEELS
27
Loss of hand grip strength and localized or general swelling is an indication of what?
Malnutrition
28
Decrease in appetite
Anorexia
29
Hypercatabolic state by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle
Cachexia
30
Loss of skeletal muscle, as well as strength and performance. Can be caused disses, chronic disease, nutritional deficiencies, and insulin resistance
Sarcopenia
31
How to assess malnutrition in a patient
etiology -> history -> physical findings -> Labs
32
Serum albumin (pre-albumin, vitamin profile, minerals, and lymphocytes are all important lab findings for what condition?
Malnutrition
33
Hollowing of temporal muscles, wasting of upper arms and thigh muscles, easily plucked hair, peripheral edema are all physical findings of what etiology
Protein deficiency disorder
34
Fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
35
Where is Vitamin A stored?
In the liver
36
Which vitamin is important for Bone and tooth structure
vitamin A
37
Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Goose pump rash
Vitamin A deficiency
38
Liver damage, vision changes, bone pain, rough skin, and dry cracked lips
Vitamin A excess
39
Sources of vitamin A
Dark green leafy and yellow vegetables, fortified dairy products
40
Rickets, osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency
41
Anorexia, n/v, polydipsia, polyuria
Vitamin D Excess
42
Fortified milk, fish liver oils, exposure to UV rays, supplements
Sources of Vitamin D
43
Recommended dose of vitamin D for adults - 70yo and >70yo
600 iu/day, 800iu/day
44
What vitamin is important in vision and reproduction?
Vitamin E
45
What vitamin helps cell membranes against oxidation and free radicals?
Vitamin E
46
Prostate cancer is an increased risk with what vitamin supplementation?
Vitamin E
47
Neuropathy and red cell hemolysis in malnourished infants
Vitamin E deficiency
48
Low toxicity and augments effects of anticoagulants
Vitamin E excess
49
What vitamin forms prothrombin for normal blood clotting?
Vitamin K
50
Where is vitamin K produced in the human body
Bacteria in the intestinal tract
51
Prolonged clotting time and hemorrhage
Vitamin K deficiency
52
What vitamin forms collagen, keeps teeth firm in the gums, hormone synthesis, resistant to infection, and improve iron absorption
Vitamin C
53
Poor wound healing, poor bone and tooth development , dry skin, petechiae, SCURVY - bleeding gums and loose teeth
Vitamin C deficiency
54
What vitamin is important for healthy nerves, good digestion, normal appetite, and good mental outlook?
Thiamine, (vitamin B1)
55
Wernicke encephalopathy, Beriberi disease, confusion, coma, Nystagmus
Thiamine deficiency
56
Cheilitis, burning itching sensitive eyes, Glossitis (Scarlett colored tongue)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency
57
Pellagra - hyper pigmented areas of sun exposed skin
Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency
58
Supplementation of what vitamin reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood
Niacin (vitamin B3)
59
Neuritis of arms, legs, burning sensation of feet (burning feet syndrome)
Pantothenic acid deficiency (vitamin B5)
60
Nasolabial seborrheic dermatitis and cheilosis
Pyridoxine deficiency (vitamin B6)
61
Formation of mature red blood cells, synthesis of DNA/RNA, and requires intrinsic factor from stomach for absorption
Vitamin B12
62
Pernicious anemia and impaired proprioception and peripheral neuropathy caused by what deficiency?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
63
Macrocytic anemia, needs supplementation in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid deficiency
64
AMS, myalgia, anorexia/nausea, alopecia/dermatitis around the eyes
Biotin deficiency
65
In kidney disease, a prescription for what mineral is given
Phosphate binder (tums)
66
Weakness, irritability, and irregular heart beat (toursades)
hypomagnesemia
67
Primary aldosteronism, DKA, CKD, excessive alcohol use
Potassium deficiency
68
The following symptoms are consistent with what deficiency? fatigue, muscle cramps, and constipation?
Low potassium
69
All of the following are considered what? | calcium, chloride, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sodium, thiamin
Macrominerals
70
All of the following are considered what? | irone, iodine, Floride, copper, zinc
Microminerals
71
Mostly found in hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Iron
72
Most common cause of anemia is
Iron deficiency
73
Tooth mottling is due to
Excess fluoride
74
Necessary mineral for the formation of insulin by the pancreas
Zinc and Copper
75
Acrodermatitis enteropathica, growth retardation, depressed immunity are all caused by..
Zinc deficiency
76
Ceruloplasmin is a form of what mineral in the blood?
Copper
77
Wilson's disease is associated with what?
Copper excess
78
Bodys main fuel source is what macronutrient?
Carbohydrates
79
Bodys main energy reserve, protectant of vital organs, insulator, and transporter of fat soluble vitamins?
Fat
80
Essential fats are what kinds of fats?
Polyunsaturated fats
81
Omega 3 and 6 are types of what kind of fats?
Polyunsaturated fats
82
Poly unsaturated fats are able to lower or raise LDL and triglycerides?
Lower
83
Mediterranean diet is mainly made up of what types of fats?
monounsaturated fatty acids
84
What is the "bad" fat that can raise LDL
Saturated fats
85
What fat is officially banned in the US and contributes to insulin resistance?
Trans fatty acids
86
benefits of what nutrient/type of diet include: decreased risk of heart disease and CVA Protective effect against diabetes mellitus Likely lowers risk colorectal cancer decreased all-cause mortality
High fiber diet
87
What diet is used for the treatment of epilepsy?
Low carb/keto diet
88
Hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hepatitis, metabolic acidosis, selenium deficiency are all associated with what diet?
Low carb/keto diet
89
What is the best diet for long term weight loss?
Low fat diet
90
What diet is suggested for the obese due to it being more filling and thermogenic?
High protein diet
91
What diet is consuming between 200-800 calories per day?
Very low calorie diet
92
Hair loss, thinning of skin, coldness, increased risk for gallstones are all risk factors of what diet?
Very low calorie diet

Foundations #3 (6 decks)

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