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Health And Husbandry > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients?

A
  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
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2
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

23

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3
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

10

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4
Q

What is an essential amino acid for a cat?

A

Taurine

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5
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A
  • Phenylalanine
  • Valine
  • Tryptophan
  • Threonine
  • Isoleucine
  • Methionine
  • Histidine
  • Arginine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
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6
Q

What does BV mean?

A

Biological value

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7
Q

What is the biological value?

A

the quality of protein this varies according to the amount of amino acids it contains

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8
Q

What should a protein with a high biological value be?

A

Acceptable, Digestible and utilisable

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9
Q

What are some sources of protein?

A

Meats, fish, eggs and milk. Soya and cereals

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10
Q

Where are the highest amounts of protein found?

A

In the muscles

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11
Q

Ad Libitum

A

Free choice feeding

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12
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fatty tissue

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13
Q

Anorexia

A

Loss of appetite

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14
Q

Ascorbic Acid

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

Biological Value

A

Protein quality

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16
Q

Cachectic

A

Extreme weight loss and subsequent poor body condition

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17
Q

Caecal Pellets

A

moist faecal pellets passed by rabbits at night that are eaten

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18
Q

Carapace

A

the shell of a tortoise or terrapin

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19
Q

Crystalluria

A

the formation of crystals in urine

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20
Q

Deanimation

A

a process of hydrolysis taking place in the liver by which amino acids are broken down and urea formed

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21
Q

Eclampsia

A

Acute toxaemia of pregnancy

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22
Q

Elimination diet

A

A diet containing a novel protein source used to diagnose dietary sensitivity and pinpoint the protein to which the animal is unable to tolerate

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23
Q

Enostosis

A

A tumour or bony growth within the medullary cavity of a bone

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24
Q

Goitre

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

a tendency of biological system to maintain stability while continually adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

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26
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Excessive blood potassium

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27
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Hypertrophy of the horny layers of the skin

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28
Q

Hypernatraemia

A

Excessive blood sodium

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29
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Excessive formation of normal cells in a tissue or organ which subsequently increases in size

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30
Q

Hypertension

A

Consistently high blood pressure

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31
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of a tissue or a structure cause by and increase in the size of the cells that compose it

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32
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

insufficient blood calcium

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33
Q

Hypokalaemia

A

Insufficient blood potassium

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34
Q

Hyponatraemia

A

Insufficient blood sodium

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35
Q

Life stage diet

A

a diet designed to meed the nutritional requirements of an animal at a certain period in its life

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36
Q

Malocclusion

A

An abnormality of dental development causing overlapping of the bite

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37
Q

Mega-Oesophagus

A

Flaccid dilation of the oesophagus impairing the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach

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38
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of the physical and chemical processes by which living organised substance is built up and maintained (anabolism), and by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to make energy available to the organism (catabolim)

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39
Q

Nutrient

A

food; any substance that nourishes

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40
Q

Nutrition

A

the sum of the process involved in the taking in of nutrients and assimilating and utilising them

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41
Q

Obesity

A

Describes an animal 15% or more over its optimum weight

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42
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

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43
Q

Pansteatitis

A

Yellow fat disease

44
Q

Pica

A

depraved appetite

45
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increased thirst

46
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

47
Q

Rickets

A

a nutritional disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D; this leads to altered calcium and phosphorous metabolism which consequently disturbs the ossification of bone

48
Q

Thermogenesis

A

The production of heat

49
Q

Urolithiasis

A

The formation of calculi in the urinary tract

50
Q

Ventriculus

A

Gizzard

51
Q

Volvulus syndrome

A

twisting of a loop of bowel causing obstruction.

52
Q

What is the function of protein?

A
  • important structural role and an essential component of tissues e.g muscles and hair
  • combines with other nutrients to form enzymes and hormones to regulate metabolism
  • necessary for the formulation of antibodies
  • can be used to supply energy
53
Q

What can indicate a protein deficiency?

A
  • lack of appetite (anorexia)
  • loss of bodyweight/ poor growth
  • loss of coat condition
  • impaired immune function
54
Q

What are the characteristics of a high quality protein?

A

must be well digested and absorbed

have a balanced amino acid profile

55
Q

What do fats consist of?

A

triglycerides

56
Q

What are the sources of fats?

A

animal - dairy produce, meats, fish

vegetable - seeds, oils, nuts

57
Q

What is the function of fats?

A
  • concentrated energy source
  • aids absorption of fat soluble vitamins ADEK
  • Increases palatability
  • source of essential fatty acids (EFA)
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
    Arachidonic (essential for cats)
58
Q

What are the signs of an essential fatty acids deficiency?

A
  • Skin lesions (abdomen, thighs)
  • poor coat condition
  • impaired wound healing
  • reproductive failure
59
Q

What are the sources of carbohydrates?

A

Animal - small amounts in animal flesh (quickly lost after death) and milk sugar (lactose)
Vegetable - fruit sugars, starches from cereal and root vegetables

60
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • cheap energy source
  • not generally considered to be an essential nutrient for cats and dogs, as they can maintain blood sugar levels through synthesis mainly from amino acids.
61
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

62
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

63
Q

What is Vitamin A used for?

A

Maintaining internal and external linings and is necessary for a healthy reproductive tract.

64
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin A deficiency?

A

Watery eyes, a rough hair coat, reduced growth rate.

65
Q

What is vitamin D used for?

A

regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

66
Q

How do animals get vitamin D?

A

they make their own when exposed to sunlight

67
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Promotes good health

68
Q

What can a vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Failure in the reproductive system

69
Q

What is vitamin K used for?

A

Blood clotting

70
Q

Why isn’t vitamin K necessary in the diet?

A

It is produced by bacteria in the digestive system

71
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements found in small amounts in the body

72
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

the substance does not contain carbon

73
Q

Major minerals?

A

required in large quantities

74
Q

Trace minerals

A

required in very small quantities

75
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

involved in goeth, fertility and cancer control

76
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

carrying oxygen in the blood

77
Q

What is the function of cobalt?

A

red blood cell production, nerve function (with vitamin b12)

78
Q

What is the function of Manganese?

A

Sex hormones and fertility, nerve function, blood and bone formation, vitamin and enzyme function.

79
Q

What is the function of copper?

A

Haemoglobin production, bone, fur and skin, nerves and enzymes.

80
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Growth, skin, claw and fur formation, wound healing, enzyme and vitamin activity, digestion, proper formation of reproductive organs in young animals.

81
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A

nerve and muscle function, bone growth, temperature control.

82
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

thyroid function, maintaining good condition of arteries

83
Q

What is the function of sulphur?

A

feather quality, protein quality, fertility

84
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

nerve and muscle function, female health, young animal growth.

85
Q

What is the function of water?

A
  • Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
  • cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium
  • water carries metabolic wastes away from cells
  • stabilises body temperature
86
Q

What does water do in the digestive tract?

A

aid digestion by hydrolysis

87
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in relatively large quantities

88
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in smaller quantities

89
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

90
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

91
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two molecules of monosaccharides linked together

92
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

93
Q

What enzymes control digestion of disaccharides?

A

Disaccharidases

94
Q

What would it be bad to feed older animals a large quantity of lactose containing products?

A

The activity of lactase decreases with age and could result in diarrhoea

95
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Complex carbohydrates - consist of vast numbers of linked monosaccharides molecules

96
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Fibre

97
Q

What polysaccharides make up dietary fibre or roughage?

A

Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin

98
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses starch?

A

Amylase

99
Q

How are dietary fibres broken down in the digestive tract?

A

Bacterial fermentation in the colon

100
Q

What are the functions of dietary fibre?

A

Increase bulk and water of intestinal contents
AIDS the correction and prevention of obesity
Regulation of gut transit time and bowel movements

101
Q

What is the function of insoluble fibre?

A

Act as bulking (laxative) agents and prevent constipation

102
Q

What is a function of soluble fibre?

A

Help regulate blood glucose

103
Q

What are the effects of excessive dietary fibre?

A

Flatulence and borborygmi
Increased bowel movements
Increases faecal output
Constipation, Sue to the bulking effect (particularly if insufficient water is being consumed)

104
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

1 molecules of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids

105
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

106
Q

What can result in a taurine deficiency in cats?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
central retinal degeneration leading to blindness
reproductive problems
impaired immune function

Health And Husbandry (9 decks)

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