Energy Requirements Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence the energy requirements of an animal?

A
Age
Breed
Sex
Activity
Reproductive status 
Environment 
Health status
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2
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Calories (cal), kilocalories (kcal) and kilojoules (KJ)

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3
Q

How many joules does one calorie equal?

A

1cal = 4.2J

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4
Q

What is one calorie?

A

The amount of heat required to raise 1g of water through 1C

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5
Q

What is the gross energy (GE)?

A

The total energy contained within a food

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6
Q

What is the digestible energy?

A

The amount of energy that can be extracted from a food. The digestible energy is the gross energy minus the energy within the faeces attributed to that food.

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7
Q

What is metabolisable energy?

A

The digestible energy minus the energy lost in urine and combustible gasses

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8
Q

What is a foods net energy?

A

The metabolisable energy minus the heat lost during digestion and absorption of food

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9
Q

What is the most energy dense nutrient?

A

Fat

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10
Q

What is the Basal metabolic rate?

A

The amount of energy an animal expends (or needs) when it is asleep, 12-18 hours after eating in a thermo-neutral environment

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11
Q

What is the resting energy requirement? (RER)

A

The amount of energy required by the body to maintain homeostasis while at rest in a stree-free, non-fasted, thermo-neutral environment

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12
Q

What is the resting energy requirements calculation for an animals weighing less that 2kg?

A

RER (kcal) = 70 x BW (kg)

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13
Q

What is the calculation for the resting energy requirement for an animal weighing over 2kg ?

A

RER = [30 x BW(kg)] + 70

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14
Q

What is the maintenance energy requirement? (MER)

A

The amount of energy a moderately active animal expends (or needs) in its daily search for and utilisation of food

It does not include the energy required for growth, repair, pregnancy, lactation or work

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15
Q

What is the maintenance energy requirement calculation for a cat?

A

MER = RER X 1.4

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16
Q

What is the maintenance energy requirement calculation for a dog?

A

MER = RER X 2

17
Q

What is the maintenance energy requirement calculation for a neutered dog?

A

MER = RER X 1.6

18
Q

What animals have energy expenditure decreased?

A

Obese and geriatric

19
Q

What is the energy calculation for an obese or geriatric animal?

A

0.6 X MER

20
Q

What is the energy calculation for an animal doing one full day’s work?

A

1.5 X MER

21
Q

What is the energy calculation for an animal post 3 weeks gestation?

A

1.3 X MER

22
Q

What is the energy expenditure calculation for an animal at peak lactation?

A

2-4 X MER

23
Q

What is the energy expenditure calculation for a young animal under 3 months old?

A

2 X MER

24
Q

What is the energy expenditure calculation for an animal in sub-freezing temperatures?

A

1.7 X MER

25
Q

What is the energy expenditure calculation for an animal in tropical heat?

A

2.5 X MER

26
Q

Why is the use of an illness factor no longer advised?

A

The energy requirements of a sick or injured animal is usually close to the RER as they are usually resting indoors in a thermo-neutral environment.

27
Q

What is the calculation for the daily volume to be fed?

A

Daily energy requirement divided by energy of food (kcal/ml or kcal/g)

28
Q

What is the formula to convert KJ to Kcal?

A

1kcal = 4.2KJ

Divide the KJ value by 4.2 to get the equivalent in kcal

29
Q

What is the calculation for a horse in light work?

A

MER X 1.25

30
Q

What is the calculation for a horse in medium work?

A

MER X 1.5

31
Q

What is the calculation for a horse in hard work?

A

MER X 2

32
Q

What is a bulk limited diet?

A

A diet with a low energy density. The animal will keep eating until it’s stomach is full and no more food can be consumed, even if it’s energy needs have not been met.
Likely to be deficient in other nutrients

33
Q

Why should a bulk limited diet not be fed to a lactating animals?

A

She will be physically unable to consume enough food to meet her high energy requirements

34
Q

What is an energy limited diet?

A

An adequate diet where an animals can eat to its energy requirements.

35
Q

What could happen if an energy limited diet is supplemented with additional energy rich treats?

A

The animal may eat less of the balanced diet and so may become deficient in non-energy nutrients

36
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

A process by which the body generates heat, or energy, by increasing the metabolic rate above basal