Nutrition Flashcards
Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including: appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs, and presence of disease.
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______ ________ and ______ are important regulators of food intake.
Leptin
Ghrelin
Insulin
_____ circulated in the body at levels proportional to body fat.
Leptin
_________ signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, or _____.
Leptin
Satiety
Adipose tissue produced ____ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.
adipokines
AMP and AMP/ATP regulate _____________ that senses cellular energy levels
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)
AMP-activated kinase senses _________
cellular energy levels
AMPK regulates _______ _______ in energy-producing and using pathways
rate-limiting enzymes
_______ levels of AMPK activity inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways
high
Increased _______ increases appetite
Ghrelin
_______ favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue.
Ghrelin
Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories & estimated daily protein requirements change with ___ and ____.
age and sex
The ideal amt of calorie intake in a day is equal to the calorie utilization for that day.
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Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for_______ individuals. The estimated average requirement (EAR) relfects amt that is adequate for ___ of the population.
the great majority of (RDA)
half (EAR)
___ has the highest energy content per weight.
fat
____ has a high energy content
alcohol.
increases in obesity are correlated with an increase in the use of _____
high fructose corn syrup
high fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down ______ into _____ using _____ followed by conversion to fructose with _________.
cornstarch into glucose using amylase followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase
Health issues w/ HFCS
mercury exposure hypertension elevated cholesterol long-term liver damage increased risk of diabetes weight gain obesity
protein-calorie malnutrition health problems
decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport fatty liver liver necrosis and fibrosis depression hypothermia compromised immune function and wound healing decreased cardiac and renal function loss of muscle
obesity health problems
type 2 diabets, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disordrs and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon
Know the difference b/t cis and trans structures of trans fatty acids
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trans fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health
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_______ fats increase levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol)
saturated
