Nutrition Flashcards
[Nutrition/Fluid]
Estimated weight loss and fluid deficit for dehydration?
Mild: __
Moderate: __
Severe: __
Mild: 5% weight loss, 50 ml/kg fluid deficit
Moderate: 10%, 100 ml/kg
Severe: 15 %, 150 ml/kg
[Nutrition/BF]
Diseases reduces risk by breast feeding? (6)
- Childhood asthma
- Obesity
- T1 DM
- Celiac disease
- Crohn disease
- Cognitive delay
[Nutrition/BF]
Contraindications for breast feeding? (3)
Baby (1): __
Mother (2): __
Baby with classic galactosemia
Maternal HIV infection
Mather with isotretinoin therapy, amphetamines, chemotherapy, ergotamines, statins, technetium-99m
[Nutrition/Infant feeding]
Soy protein formula indication (2)?
- Baby with galactosemia
- Mother prefers vegetarian diet
Usual feeding regimen per feeding per age?
By 1st week: __
By 2 months: __
By 6 months: __
By 1st week: 2-4 oz/feed, every 2-4 hours
By 2 months: 4-5 oz every 3-4 hours
By 6 months: 5 oz, every 4-5 hours, no night feeding if formula fed
[Nutrition/Infant feeding]
When to discontinue vit D for infant?
For formula fed: __
For breast fed: __
For formula fed, when formula > 33 oz/day
For breast fed, when milk consumption started by 12 months, no whole milk till 12 months old
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
At risk for B12 deficiency infant?
Mother with strict vegetarian diet
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
At risk for B6 and folate deficiency infant?
Infant with __ milk fed
Infant with goat’s milk fed
[Nutrition/iron]
When to start 1mg/kg of elemental iron?
4-6 months of age
If >4 months, receiving nutrients > 50% from breast milk
[Nutrition/fluoride]
Symptoms of fluorosis?
Enamel with white flecks or brown discoloration
[Nutrition/fluoride]
Amount of fluoride toothpaste for infants and toddlers?
Smear for infants
Pea-size at 3 years
[Nutrition/carotene]
Carotenemia when occurs and symptoms?
Children with a lot of yellow-orange vegetables; carrots, squash, and sweet potatos
Yellow discoloration except sclera (scleral icterus in jaundice)
[Nutrition/milk]
Milk recommendation for infant/toddler and when to switch to low fat?
Start whole milk __ oz/day around __ month
Low fat for at risk of obesity for __ months or __ months
Start whole milk 16-24 oz/day around 12-24 month
Low fat for at risk of obesity for 12-24 months or >24 months
[Nutrition/deficiency]
Which insufficiency in
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor
Marasmus: Caloric malnutrition (말아서무스)
Kwashiorkor: Protein malnutrition
[Nutrition/deficiency]
Appearance in Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor
Marasmus: cachectic, loose skin (wizened old man)
Kwashiorkor: edematous (hypoalbuminemia), skin rashes, brittle hair
[Nutrition/vitamin excess]
Which vitamin excessive symptoms?
Scaly skin
Pseudotumor cerebri
Bone/muscle pain, cortical hyperostosis
Hepatomegaly
Vitamin A
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Rickets: poor growth, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, tetany
Osteoporosis/osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Patients at risk for vit D deficiency (5)?
- Prematurity
- Darker skin pigmentation
- Insufficient outdoor activities
- Antiepileptic medications
- Chronic intestinal inflammation (IBD, celiac)
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Vit D status levels based on 25-OH vit D
Sufficiency: __
Insufficiency: __
Deficiency: __
Sufficiency: > 30
Insufficiency: 12-30
Deficiency: <12
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Recommended dose for vit D deficiency per age?
<12 mo: __ IU
1-12 yo: __ IU
>12 yo: __ IU
<12 mo: 2000 IU
1-12 yo: 3000-6000 IU
>12 yo: 6000 IU
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Vit K dependent coagulation factors?
prothrombin (2), 7, 9 ,10
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
White lines of Frankel
(dense band at the growing metaphyseal end)
Vit C deficiency (Scurvy)
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Neuropathy, muscle atrophy, ataxia, Wernicke encephalopathy
High cardiac output heart failure
Thiamin B1
Beriberi, Wet beriberi for heart failure
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Riboflavin, vitamin B2
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
3 D Pellagra: Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea
At risk with ____ consumption
Niacin B3
Corn mash consumption
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
At risk for which vitamin deficiency?
Isoniazid treatment
Pyridoxin, vitamin B6
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils
Lack of deep tendon reflex
Cobalamin, vitamin B12
[Nutrition/mineral deficiency]
Which mineral deficiency?
Acrodermatitis: pustular dermatitis, alopecia, blepharitis, conjunctivitis
Enteropathica: diarrhea, FTT
Zinc deficiency
(Acrodermatitis enteropathica)
[Nutrition/mineral deficiency]
2nd common cause of nutrition deficiency for anemia?
Associated with developmental delay
Folate
(Iron the most common)
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Eye: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, corneal opacities, Bitot spots (keratin buildup in conjunctivae)
Growth failure
Increased susceptibility to infection, high risk for severe measles
Vitamin A deficiency
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Neurologic dysfunction from neuroaxonal degeneration
Loss of reflex
High risk for Fat soluble vitamin malabsorption, cystic fibrosis
Vit E deficiency
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Gingival bleeding
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Perifollicular hemorrhages
“corkscrew-coiled” hairs
Normocytic normochromic anemia
Vit C deficiency (Scurvy)
[Nutrition/vitamin deficiency]
Which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin D, Ricket
[Nutrition/burn]
Vitamin and mineral supports for burn patient (3)?
- Vit A
- Vit C
- zinc
[Nutrition/burn]
Required caloric support for burn patient per percentage of burn in body surface area
<10% BSA: __
>40% BSA: __
<10% BSA: similar to resting energy expenditure (REE)
>40% BSA: 150% of REE
[Nutrition/ketogenic diet]
Possible complications of ketogenic diet? (3)
- GI complaints
- Hyperlipidemia
- Kidney stones
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
In preterm formula, higher contents compared to term formula (4)?
In preterm formula,
1. Higher calorie
2. Higher protein concentration
3. Higher vitamins: Vit A, B6
4. Higher electrolytes and minerals: Ca, iron
[Nutrition/CKD]
Diet restriction for chronic kidney disease (2)?
- Low potassium
- Low phosphorus
(Sodium restriction per patient’s physiology
Protein restriction not indicated for infants/children)
[Nutrition/CKD]
Electrolyte and vitamin supplement for chronic kidney disease?
Calcium
Calcitriol (vit D analog)
(to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy)
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
When to switch to preterm to term formula (2)?
- Consistent weight gain 30-40 g/day
- Caught up with birth weight percentile
(Then slow transition with weight monitoring, half BM/half formula then full BM)
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
Stopping bottle feeding at ___ months?
15
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
Night time feeding stops ___ months for formula feeding and ___ months for breast feeding
6 months for formula fed
12 months for breast fed
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
Multivitamin choices age range
Polyvisol from __ till __
Multivitamin chewable from __
Polyvisol with iron from 4-6 months and till 4 year of age
Multivitamin chewable > 4 year old
[Nutrition/BF]
Breast milk storage
Breast milk in room temperature up to __ hours
Breast milk in refrigerator up to __ days
Breast milk in freezer up to __ months
Breast milk in room temperature up to 4 hours
Breast milk in refrigerator up to 4 days
Breast milk in freezer up to 6-12 months
Thaw in warm water
Never refreeze
Thawed use in 1-2 hours, fridge up to 1 day
[Nutrition/infant feeding]
The recommended calorie goal for infants with congestive heart failure?
___ kcal/kg/day
140 kcal/kg/day
