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Nutrition and health > Nutrient Requirements > Flashcards

Nutrient Requirements Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 classes of nutrients

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • water
    4 first are organic, 2 last are inorganic
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2
Q

Phytochemicals

A

Non nutrient compound found in plant derived foods, have biological activity in the body

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3
Q

example of phytochemicals

A

polyphenols, terpenes, sulfur compounds, saponins

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4
Q

Xerophtlamia

A

vitamin A deficiency

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5
Q

Goiter

A

iodine deficiency

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6
Q

Beriberi

A

thiamin (B1) deficiency

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7
Q

Pellagra

A

niacin deficiency

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8
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency

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9
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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10
Q

Malnutrition and infection together are a negative spiral, why?

A

disease > appetite loss > impaired nutrition status > weakened immunity > worsened disease > further loss of appetite

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11
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

control of disease in a population, no control of variables

  • cross-sectional
  • case control
  • cohort
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12
Q

Experimental studies

A

cause and effect relationships, no generalisation, ethical complications

  • lab based animal
  • lab based in vitro
  • human intervention
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13
Q

Cornerstones of nutrition research

A
  • randomized
  • placebo-controlles
  • double-blinded
  • representative sample
  • ethics
  • sample sizes
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14
Q

Essential nutrient

A

indispensable, diet must supply them

ex: ascorbic acid (for primates + guinea pigs), arginine (for babies)

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15
Q

Is cholesterol an essential nutrient ?

A

NO

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16
Q

A set of nutrient intake values for healthy people

(in Canada, US), these are different for people with diseases

A

Dietary Reference Intakes

includes: EAR, RDL, AI, UL

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17
Q

EAR

A

Estimated average requirements
= amount of a nutrient in the diet needed to meet the average needs of an age/gender group to avoid deficiency, maintain long-term health, achieve some measurable biochemical or functional outcome

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18
Q

Should we consume the EAR value?

A

NO - always consume more than EAR
(EAR represents 50% of population’s consumption)
Deficiencies can occur

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19
Q

RDA

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances
= average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet known nutrient needs of practically all healthy individuals

20
Q

Should we consume the RDA value?

A

YES - meets needs of most healthy people (97.5%)

21
Q

AI

A

Adequate intakes

= average amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consume when no RDAs exist

22
Q

AI vs RDA

A

AI values are more tentative

When not enough data for RDA value

23
Q

What is the EAR used for?

A
  • to assess the adequacy of a population’s food supply

- used as the basis for calculating the RDAs for individuals

24
Q

UL

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
= maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increase risk of adverse health affects

25
Q

What happens if we consume more than UL

A

toxicity

26
Q

If a person consumes above RDA

A

adequate because meets needs of almost all healthy people

27
Q

If a person consumes between RDA and EAR

A

chances are equal that the intake is either

  • adequate or
  • inadequate
28
Q

If a person consumes below EAR

A

probably inadequate, becomes dangerous

29
Q

Probability of being deficient when consume RDA

A

2.5%

30
Q

Probability of being deficient when consume EAR

A

50%

31
Q

Benefits of going over RDA

A

none

32
Q

EER

A

Estimated Energy Requirement
= average dietary energy intake (kcal/day) that will maintain energy balance in a person who has a healthy body weight and level of physical activity

33
Q

On what does the EER depend

A

height
age
weight
physical activity

34
Q

What is the UL for energy

A

NONE because excess energy = weight gain

35
Q

RDA applies for macronutrients or micro?

A

only micronutrients (vitamins & minerals) and energy

36
Q

For macronutrients, there is no RDA but __

A

AMDR = Acceptable macronutrient Distribution Ranges

37
Q

AMDR

A

= ranges of intakes for energy-yielding nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease

38
Q

AMDR for carbs

A

45-65%
(900-1300 kcal
= 225-325g)

39
Q

AMDR for fat

A

20-35%
(400-700 kcal
= 44-78g)

40
Q

AMDR for protein

A

10-35%
(200-700 kcal
= 50-175g)

41
Q

In a group which DRI do you use

A

EAR

42
Q

For an individual, which DRI to use

A

RDA

43
Q

You want to develop food product by the industry, should you take the EAR or RDA

A

EAR

44
Q

You want to plan and procure food supplies for schools, should you take the EAR or RDA

A

EAR

45
Q

What happens if use RDA for a group

A

would target higher than what people need

46
Q

Misuses of RDA & EAR

A

evaluating special nutritional needs from metabolic disorder, chronic illness, premature birth

47
Q

You want to plant the diet of a patient with cardiovascular disease, which DRI do you use?

A

NONE

Nutrition and health (7 decks)

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