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Nutrition and health > Chronic disease, GI anatomy > Flashcards

Chronic disease, GI anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body’s smaller arteries

A

aorta

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood from heart -> tissues

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3
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood from tissues -> heart

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4
Q

Blood leaving from RIGHT of heart

A

Goes to lungs -> left side of heart

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5
Q

Blood leaving from LEFT of heart

A

Out of aorta -> arteries -> rest of body

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6
Q

The blood that GOES to the digestive system

A

Artery > capillaries > reaches cells

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7
Q

The blood that LEAVES the digestive system

A

Blood collected from GI tract > hepatic portal vein > liver capillaries > hepatic vein > returns blood to heart

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8
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Collects blood from liver capillaries and returns blood to heart

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9
Q

Thoracid duct

A
  • Largest volume of blood before going to heart so everything gets diluted
  • main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein
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10
Q

The digestive tract receives __ blood

A

ARTERY

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11
Q

How many inputs of blood does the liver have?

A

2:
1 rich in nutrients
1 rich in oxygen

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12
Q

6 functions of GI tracts

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical processing
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
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13
Q

Which nutrients enter lymphatic vessels?

A

Fat-soluble

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14
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Starch-digesting enzymes that function at pH 6-7

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15
Q

Other functions of GI tracts (5)

A
  • barrier
  • immunological
  • endocrine
  • neural
  • gut microbiota
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16
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • primary muscle used in respiration
  • separates abdomen from thoracic cavity
  • tough muscles, can contract
  • inspiration : contraction (pushes down)
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17
Q

Food goes to the oesophagus in which form

A

BOLUS

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18
Q

How many sphincters does the esophagus have?

A

2: upper and lower/cardiac

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19
Q

Muscles in esophagus

A

circular muscle
longitudinal
smooth internal lining

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20
Q

Peristalsis

A

tightening of long muscles and relaxing of circular muscles causes the content to be propelled
VOLUNTARY

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21
Q

Reverse-peristalsis

A

vomiting

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22
Q

Layers of muscle in the stomach

A

circular, longitudinal, diagonal muscle

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23
Q

What organ begins digestion?

A

Stomach, is controlled by gastrin

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24
Q

Where does chyme become liquified?

A

In stomach, by gastric juices

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25
Q

4 functions of stomach

A
  1. storage of ingested food
  2. mechanical breakdown of ingested food to peristalsis to chyme
  3. Gastrin secretion
  4. Production of intrinsic factors
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26
Q

pH of stomach

A

1.5-2.0

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27
Q

What are intrinsic factors?

A

Glycoprotein

required fro absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

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28
Q

What are the 4 sphincters

A
  • cardiac : btwn esoph - stomach
  • pyloric : btwn stomach - small intestine
  • ileocecal : btw ileum - large intestine
  • anus : at the end
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29
Q

Which sphincter do we have voluntary control over?

A

Anus

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30
Q

What are the 3 GI hormones

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
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31
Q

Which hormone :

  • responds to food in the stomach
  • is secreted from stomach wall
  • stimulates stomach glands to secrete HCL
A

GASTRIN

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32
Q

Which hormone :

  • is stimulated by chyme in the s intestine
  • is secreted from duodenum wall
  • stimulates the pancreases to secrete bicarbonate juices
A

SECRETIN

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33
Q

When HCl is secreted in the stomach, the pH goes back to 1.5 and the system adjusts by stoping release of gastrin, this is called :

A

negative feedback

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34
Q

Which hormone :
- responds to fat/protein in the chyme (intestine)
- is secreted from intestinal walls
- stimulates the gallbladder to contract bile
and stimulates the pancreas to secrete its pancreatic juice

A

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

35
Q

What hormone slows down digestion

A

CCK

36
Q

Bicarbonate : base/acid

HCL : base/acid

A
  • base

- very strong acid

37
Q

Secretion of HCl is done thanks to

A

Gastrin

38
Q

What is released from stomach, is cleaved by Hal to become active and is the precursor of pepsin

A

pepsinogen

39
Q

What organs/parts are retroperitoneal

A

pancreas, duodenum, rectum

40
Q

Mensentery

A

Internal organ, folds of connective tissus that supports and connect the intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall

41
Q

Where is most of the absorption

A

small intestine

42
Q

How are nutrients absorbed

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
43
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • not very efficient
  • no energy cost
  • cross freely
    water, small lipids
44
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • doesn’t require energy
  • protein carrier transports nutrients
    water-soluble vitamins
45
Q

active transport

A
  • requires energy
  • very efficient
  • carrier loads nutrients outside cell
  • moves against a concentration gradient
    glucose, amino acids
46
Q

A villus

A

Finger-like projection that covers inner wall folds of intestine
Each villus is covered with microvilli
Between villi are crypt glands, they secrete intestinal juices

47
Q

Hepatic portal vein carries

A

water-soluble nutrients absorbed

48
Q

Which organ absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamins and is held by the mesentery

A

the colon

49
Q

Does the large intestine have villi

A

NO

50
Q

inflammatory bowel disease that causes irritation, inflammation and ulcers in the lining

A

Ulcerative colitis

51
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus
Live 3 days
Also present in lungs, nose, sinuses

52
Q

__ transports nutrients to a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface

A

villus

53
Q

The folds of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

plicae circulares

54
Q

Function of plicae, villi, microvilli

A

to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients.

55
Q

__ breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides.

A

Pancreatic amylase

56
Q

Prebiotics

A

food not digested in small intestine

is used as food for bacteria in the colon

57
Q

Probiotics

A

micro-organisms in foods & supplement that in sufficient quantities are beneficial to health

58
Q

Vitamins produced by the colon’s bacteria

A
  • biotin
  • folate
  • pantothenoic acid
  • riboflavin
  • thiamin
  • B6
  • B12
  • K
59
Q

Vitamin A and K are produced in

A

colon

60
Q

Consequence of having a low blood pH

A

protein conformation change, slightly denatured

61
Q

Food stays __ hrs in the small intestine

A

7-8

62
Q

Food stays __ hrs in the colon

A

12-14

63
Q

Food stays __ hrs in the stomach

A

1-2

64
Q

GERD

A

= Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease

stomach acid chyme goes through oesophagus due to a lose sphincter

65
Q

Enzyme made in liver that detoxifies toxin

A

CATALASE

H202–> H20+02

66
Q

Where is bile stocked ?

A

gallbladder

67
Q

Bile

A

emulsifies fats and oils so that enzymes can have access and digest

68
Q

Where is bile made ?

A

Liver

69
Q

Is pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

A

BOTH :

  • endocrine - produces insulin
  • exocrine - excretes secretin
70
Q

What secretes secretin?

A

pancreas

71
Q

Pancreatic fluid =

A

bicarbonate, proteases, lipases, amylases

72
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaques in blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients (arteries)
arteries become stiff, rigid, non expandable, have a narrow lumen

73
Q

What does atherosclerosis cause

A
  • less blood flow, higher blood pressure, increase in clotting
  • cardiovascular diseases
74
Q

Different types of atherosclerosis

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease : narrows the coronary artery (near heart), heart attack can occur, won’t supply O2 and nutrients, surgery can bypass it
  • Peripheral Artery Disease : narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs, extremeties
75
Q

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

A

None, can be thin and have it

76
Q

Exchange of 02 and C02

A
  • in tissues : RBS give O2 and absorb CO2

- in lungs : RBCs give CO2 and absorb O2 from air

77
Q

Measuring atherosclerosis

A
  • cardiac output : volume of blood pumped by heart within a specific period of time
  • peripheral resistance : resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches that carry blood to tissues
78
Q

Non modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • age
  • sex
  • genetics
79
Q

Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • smoking
  • stress
  • sedentary behaviour
  • atherogenic dite
  • obesity
  • hypertension
  • high LDL/low HDL
  • high TG
  • high homocysteine
  • diabetes
  • chronic inflammation
80
Q

Between a man older than 55 years of age and a women older than 55 years of age, which one has the higher risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Men have a higher risk than women

81
Q

atherogenic diet

A 
high energy 
high sat fat 
high alcohol 
low fiber 
high GI 
low (high) vitamins/minerals
82
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

any 3 of these factors:

  • abdominal obesity > 40inches, > 35 inches
  • triglycerides ≧ 150mg/dL
  • HDL <40mg/dL (men), <50mg (women)
  • Blood pressure > 120/80
  • Fasting glucose : ≧ 100mg/dL
83
Q

What would you advise the population to prevent chronic disease?

A

Make dietary changes to prevent disease

Screening tests

84
Q

At what pH does pepsin work?

A

Low pH , it becomes inactive and digested when it enters the high pH of the small intestine

Nutrition and health (7 decks)

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