Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition and health > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

95% of fat in food and human body is in the form of __

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

triglyceride

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids (unsat or sat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__ C is most abundant in food

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A
  • saturated : no double bonds

- unsaturated : double bonds (mono, poly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which FA is more resistant to oxidation

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
Long chain  (\_\_ C)
Medium chain  (\_\_ C)
Short chain (\_\_ C)
A 
Long chain  (>16C)
Medium chain  (8-12C)
Short chain (2-6C)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stearic acid

A

C18 - 0DB

most animal fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oleic acid

A

C18 - 1 DB

olives, canola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

linoleic acid

A

C18 - 2 DB = omega 6

sunflower, safflower, soybean, corn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

linolenic acid

A

C18 - 3 DB = omega 3

flaxseed, canola, walnuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to name fatty acid by double bonds ?

A

Start at methyl end
1st position of double bond is the name
ex: omega 3 (DB at 3’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are triglycerides formed ?

A

condensation reaction

  • H atom (glycerol) combined with OH (FA)
  • forms H20
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coconut oil = __% saturate fat

A

87

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process during which unsaturated fatty acids may be converted to saturated fatty acids.

  • increases shelf life
  • alters texture : makes liquid fat -> solid fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the stereochemistry of dbs in nature?

A

cis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of fatty acids derive from hydrogenation?

A

trans fatty acids

- bad for health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phospholipids composition

A
  • glycerol
  • 2 fatty acids
  • phosphorous molecule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • sterols
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are phospholipids soluble in water?

A

Yes - thanks to phosphorous group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are phospholipids soluble in fat?

A

Yes - thanks to FA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phosphorous is soluble in water and fat, it is an

A

emulsifier

ex: lecithin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are our membranes made of phospholipids?

A

allows lipid double vitamins and hormones to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sterols

A

Large rings of carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most common sterol

A

Cholesterol

  • made in liver
  • precursor for bile, hormones, vit D
  • not an essential nutrient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption?

A

Plant sterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of TG

A

provide energy
insulate body
protects against shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

animal fats, tropical oils

A

saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vegetable oils, olive, canola, peanut

A

rich in monounsaturated FA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

flaxseed, fish oil

A

rich in omega 3 PUFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

OMEGA 6

A

pro-inflammatory

BAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

OMEGA 3

A

anti-inflammatory

GOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Are most fat mixtures of saturated, MU, PU fatty acids?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

= ones the human body can’t make, required from diet

  • Linoleic (omega 6, C18:2)
  • alpha linolenic (omega 3, C18:3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Primary member of omega 6 family

A

LINOLEIC ACID

35
Q

Primary member of omega 6 family

A

LINOLEIC ACID

- can make arachidonic acid (20:4)

36
Q

Primary member of omega 3 family

A

ALPHA LINOLENIC

  • can made eicosapentaeonoic acid (C20:5)
  • and docosahexaenoic (C22:6)
37
Q

Linoleic and alpha linolenic are components of

A

membrane phospholipids

38
Q

EPA

A

eicosapentaeonoic acid (C20:5)

39
Q

DHA

A

docosahexaenoic (C22:6)

40
Q

Where can you get EPA & DHA?

A

from fatty fish or from alpha-linolenic

41
Q

Conditionally essential FA

A

non essential FA that must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances
ex: arachidonic acid

42
Q

What are the 2 enzymes in pathways of polyunsaturated fa synthesis?

A
  • desaturase : adds 1 or more doubles

- elongase : produces additional carbons

43
Q

Omega 6 pathway

A

Linoleic acid C18:2 > desaturate > C18:3 > elongase> C20:3> desaturase > Arachidonic acid 20:4

44
Q

Omega 3 pathway

A

alpha linolenic > D > C18:4 > E > C20:4 > D > EPA C20:5 > E D > DHA C22:6

45
Q

What can the body convert to oleic acid?

A

Stearic acid is converted to oleic by desaturase

They aren’t essential

46
Q

Eating omega 6 FA

A
  • increases blood clotting, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, cvd risk
47
Q

Eating Omega 3 FA

they key double bonds give the __ effect

A
  • decreases blood clotting, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, cvd risk, inflammation

opposite

48
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • derivatives of 20C fatty acids (made from EPA, arachidonic acid)
  • includes prostaglandins, thromboxans, leukotrienes
49
Q

Sources of omega 3

A

fish, fish oil supplements, Lovaza

50
Q

RDA ratio W3-W6

A

1-10

51
Q

Phospholipids

A

Soluble in water and fat (=emulsifier)

  • 1 glycerol
    • 2 FAs
    • phosphate group + choline
      ex: lecithin
52
Q

Role of plant sterols

A

inhibit cholesterol absorption

53
Q

Lipid digestion

A

mouth : salivary lingual lipase hydrolyses lipids
stomach : gastric lipases hydrolyse fat
small intestine :
- fat triggers CCK (cholecystokinin) signals gallbladder to release bile. Bile emulsifies into small droplets.
- secretin signals pancreas to produce pancreatic lipase into intestine, hydrolyses TGS into monoglycerides, glycerol, FA

54
Q

Which fatty molecules diffuse easily and are directly absorbed by intestinal cells?

A

glycerol
short chain fa
medium chain fa

55
Q

Larger molecules (monoglycerides, long chain fa) merge into __ and become new TG. This new TG is packed into __

A

micelles

chylomicrons (lipoprotein that transports lipids)

56
Q

Where are chylomicrons released?

A

lymphatic system, by intestinal cells (through lacteal vessels)

57
Q

Where do chylomicrons enter bloodstream ?

A

at thoracic duct

58
Q

Lipoproteins are transport vesicles for lipids in the __

A

lymph & blood

59
Q

4 lipoproteins

A
  • CM
  • VLDL
  • LDL
  • HDL
60
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  • least dense
  • largest
  • mostly TG
  • from small intestine to rest of body, become smaller
61
Q

VLDL

A
  • made by liver
  • TG
  • travels through body and shrinks
62
Q

LDL

A
  • derived from VLDL
  • composition : cholesterol
  • makes cholesterol available to cells of all tissues
63
Q

HDL

A
  • smallest
  • most dense
  • 1/2 protein
  • removes cholesterol form cells and carries it back to liver for recycling or disposal
  • anti-inflammatory
64
Q

the difference between HDL & LDL is the type of chol

T/F

A

FALSE

≠ is proportion and type of lipids and proteins

65
Q

Milky plasma after fatty meal ->

A

due to enlarged chylomicrons that don’t let light pass

66
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

high cholesterol

can’t be evacuated

67
Q

What do adipose tissues secrete

A

adipokines

68
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

enzyme that hydrolyses TGS from lps, releasing fatty acids that enter adipose cells

69
Q

hormone-sensitive lipase

A

enzyme inside adipose cell that responds to body’s needs for fuel by hydrolysing TGS so FA + glycerol escape into circulation and become available to other cells for fuel

responds to glucagon and epinephrine

70
Q

Fasted state -
insulin
glucagon
hormone sensitive lipase

A
  • low insulin
  • high glucagon
  • high hormone sensitive lipase (lipolysis)
  • beta oxidation
71
Q

Fed state -
insulin
glucagon
fat synthesis

A
  • high insulin
  • low glucagon
  • high fat synthesis
  • lots of VLDL releases
  • high LDL
72
Q

Desirable blood profile:

  • total cholesterol
  • LDL chol
  • HDL chol
  • TG
A
  • < 5 mmol/L
  • < 3.5 mmol/L
  • > 1.3mmol/L (women) >1.0 mmol/L (men)
  • < 1.7 mmol/L
73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

life long process

fat accumulation in artery (most susceptible : coronary)

74
Q

Modified lipoproteins won’t bind to receptor and accumulates, what can cause LDL modification ?

A
  • smoking : oxidises LDL

- high blood glucoses : glycated LDL

75
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMGCoA reductase (converts HMGCoa to Chol)

76
Q

Statins

A 
class of drugs that blocks HMGCoA reductase which decreases production of cholesterol 
ex: lipitor, crestor
77
Q

__ regulates

  • number of LDL receptors
  • bile production
A

LIVER

78
Q

How to reduce cholesterol absorption?

A
  • phytosterols
  • soluble fiber
  • statins
  • vitorin (ezetimibe + statin)
  • Lovaza
  • Repatha
79
Q

How to decrease CVD?

A
  • PUFA, MUFA vs sat
  • more omega 3s, less omega 6
  • weight loss, exercise, moderate alcohol
  • B vitamins
  • soluble fiber
  • carbs with low GI
  • plant sterols
  • cholesterol binding drugs
  • cholesterol inhibiting drugs (ezetimibe)
  • cholesterol synthesis inhibiting drugs (statin)
80
Q

DRI for fat

A

20-35% energy

81
Q

Max calories from saturated fat = __%

A

10%

82
Q

RDA omega 6 PUFA

A

5-10% energy

12-17g

83
Q

RDA omega 3 PUFA

A
  1. 6-1.2 % energy

1. 1-1.6g

Nutrition and health (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions