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GI - Physiology > Nutrient Digestion > Flashcards

Nutrient Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what are the monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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2
Q

what is lactose constituted of?

A

glucose and galactose

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3
Q

what is sucrose constituted of?

A

glucose and fructose

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4
Q

what is maltose constituted of?

A

2 glucoses

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5
Q

what are the 3 disacccharide enzymes?

A

lactase, sucrase and maltase

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6
Q

what form of sugar does our liver store?

A

glycogen

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7
Q

what bonds link glucose monomers in glycogen?

A

alpha-1,4 glycosidic

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8
Q

how do plants store glucose?

A

as in starch and cellulose (in cell walls)

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9
Q

what bonds exist in cellulose

A

beta-1,4 glycosidic

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10
Q

what enzyme breaks down polysaccharides?

A

amylases

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11
Q

two membranes of columnar epithelium

A

apical and basolateral

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12
Q

two routes for molecules to cross epithelium

A

transcellular (through) or paracellular (side)

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13
Q

what connects epithelial cells at the top?

A

tight junctions

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14
Q

glucose transport

A

image (into cell by SGLT1 with Na, out by GLUT-2, Na out by Na-K pump, water moves through to blood)

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15
Q

fructose transport

A

image (in cell by GLUT-5, out by GLUT-2)

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16
Q

where does an endopeptidase cut a peptide?

A

in the middle

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17
Q

what are the two types of exopeptidases and where do they cut?

A

aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases at the ends

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18
Q

does cutting a peptide use water or create water?

A

uses water i.e. hydrolysis

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19
Q

how are amino acids transported across epithelium

A

image (in by SAAT1 with Na, dunno how out cell, Na and water into blood)

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20
Q

di/tripeptide transport

A

image (in by PepT1 with an H, dont know how out, H out to lumen by NHE3 with an Na moving into cell)

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21
Q

what happens with pH around the epithelial surface on the lumen side?

A

pH is acid closer to/ in the villi

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22
Q

What amount of protein in diet in absorbed as di/tripeptides

A

70%

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23
Q

enzyme which breaks down TAG

A

lipase

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24
Q

where does lipase breakdown TAG

A

small intestine

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25
Q

is lipase water soluble or insoluble?

A

water soluble

26
Q

why do large lipid droplets need to be broken down into smaller ones?

A

too speed up TAG digstion. Lipase can only act on the surface of droplets, therefore
more small droplets –> more surface area –> faster digestion

27
Q

what does TAG break down into?

A

monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids

28
Q

glucose transporter into cell

A

SGLT1

29
Q

transporter out of cell for glucose and fructose

A

GLUT-2

30
Q

transport of nutrients which also move Na across the cell

A

glucose, galactose, amino acids and di/tripeptides

31
Q

how does Na moving from lumen –> blood affect H2O

A

increase osmolarity on blood side, causing water to move across

32
Q

molecules with a polar end and non-polar end

A

amphiphatic molecules

33
Q

what amphiphatic molecules are used to emulsify lipid droplets

A

bile salts and phospholipids

34
Q

whats bigger, a micelle or emulsion droplet

A

a micelle

35
Q

which molecules are on the inside of a micelle

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

36
Q

what causes micelles to breakdown

A

low acidic pH

37
Q

where do micelles breakdown

A

at the acid microclimate at the cell membrane surface of the villi

38
Q

how do the fatty acids and monoglycerides move into the cell

A

by diffusion

39
Q

where do they reform once inside the villi cells

A

on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

what protein re-emulsifies TAG into chylomicrons

A

amphiphatic protein

41
Q

exit of TAG droplets

A

exocytosed into extracellular fluid at serosal membrane

42
Q

content of chylomicrons

A

TAG, phospholipids, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

43
Q

what final structure picks up the chylomicron away to store

A

lacteal

44
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

45
Q

which vitamins follow the same absorptive path as fat

A

A, D, E and K

46
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B, C and folic acid

47
Q

how are vitamins B, C and folic acid absorbed

A

by diffusion or carried-mediated transport

48
Q

what condition can arise from a B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anaemia

49
Q

how long does it take for the B12 store to fully replace itself

A

3 years

50
Q

what is pernicious about pernicious anaemia

A

it takes 3 years from the onset of the problem till the onset of symptoms

51
Q

what aspect of RBC is B12 neccessary for

A

RBC maturation

52
Q

what substance binds with B12

A

intrinsic factor

53
Q

where is the B12 intrinsic factor complex absorbed

A

distal part of the ileum

54
Q

how is iron stored intracellularly

A

bound to ferritin

55
Q

how is iron bound in blood

A

to transferrin

56
Q

what effect will consuming more iron have on ferritin production

A

it will increase it

57
Q

what organ does transferrin bound iron go to

A

liver

58
Q

what transporter moves iron into cells

A

DMT1

59
Q

why does iron need to be bound to ferritin and transferrin

A

because it is highly reactive

60
Q

in what state does iron cross the serosal membrane of the cell

A

unbound

GI - Physiology (8 decks)

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