Nutrient Digestion

Question 1

what are the monosaccharides?

Answer 1

glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 2

what is lactose constituted of?

Answer 2

glucose and galactose

Question 3

what is sucrose constituted of?

Answer 3

glucose and fructose

Question 4

what is maltose constituted of?

Answer 4

2 glucoses

Question 5

what are the 3 disacccharide enzymes?

Answer 5

lactase, sucrase and maltase

Question 6

what form of sugar does our liver store?

Answer 6

glycogen

Question 7

what bonds link glucose monomers in glycogen?

Answer 7

alpha-1,4 glycosidic

Question 8

how do plants store glucose?

Answer 8

as in starch and cellulose (in cell walls)

Question 9

what bonds exist in cellulose

Answer 9

beta-1,4 glycosidic

Question 10

what enzyme breaks down polysaccharides?

Answer 10

amylases

Question 11

two membranes of columnar epithelium

Answer 11

apical and basolateral

Question 12

two routes for molecules to cross epithelium

Answer 12

transcellular (through) or paracellular (side)

Question 13

what connects epithelial cells at the top?

Answer 13

tight junctions

Question 14

glucose transport

Answer 14

image (into cell by SGLT1 with Na, out by GLUT-2, Na out by Na-K pump, water moves through to blood)

Question 15

fructose transport

Answer 15

image (in cell by GLUT-5, out by GLUT-2)

Question 16

where does an endopeptidase cut a peptide?

Answer 16

in the middle

Question 17

what are the two types of exopeptidases and where do they cut?

Answer 17

aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases at the ends

Question 18

does cutting a peptide use water or create water?

Answer 18

uses water i.e. hydrolysis

Question 19

how are amino acids transported across epithelium

Answer 19

image (in by SAAT1 with Na, dunno how out cell, Na and water into blood)

Question 20

di/tripeptide transport

Answer 20

image (in by PepT1 with an H, dont know how out, H out to lumen by NHE3 with an Na moving into cell)

Question 21

what happens with pH around the epithelial surface on the lumen side?

Answer 21

pH is acid closer to/ in the villi

Question 22

What amount of protein in diet in absorbed as di/tripeptides

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

enzyme which breaks down TAG

Answer 23

lipase

Question 24

where does lipase breakdown TAG

Answer 24

small intestine

Question 25

is lipase water soluble or insoluble?

Answer 25

water soluble

Question 26

why do large lipid droplets need to be broken down into smaller ones?

Answer 26

too speed up TAG digstion. Lipase can only act on the surface of droplets, therefore more small droplets --> more surface area --> faster digestion

Question 27

what does TAG break down into?

Answer 27

monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids

Question 28

glucose transporter into cell

Answer 28

SGLT1

Question 29

transporter out of cell for glucose and fructose

Answer 29

GLUT-2

Question 30

transport of nutrients which also move Na across the cell

Answer 30

glucose, galactose, amino acids and di/tripeptides

Question 31

how does Na moving from lumen --> blood affect H2O

Answer 31

increase osmolarity on blood side, causing water to move across

Question 32

molecules with a polar end and non-polar end

Answer 32

amphiphatic molecules

Question 33

what amphiphatic molecules are used to emulsify lipid droplets

Answer 33

bile salts and phospholipids

Question 34

whats bigger, a micelle or emulsion droplet

Answer 34

a micelle

Question 35

which molecules are on the inside of a micelle

Answer 35

monoglycerides and fatty acids

Question 36

what causes micelles to breakdown

Answer 36

low acidic pH

Question 37

where do micelles breakdown

Answer 37

at the acid microclimate at the cell membrane surface of the villi

Question 38

how do the fatty acids and monoglycerides move into the cell

Answer 38

by diffusion

Question 39

where do they reform once inside the villi cells

Answer 39

on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

what protein re-emulsifies TAG into chylomicrons

Answer 40

amphiphatic protein

Question 41

exit of TAG droplets

Answer 41

exocytosed into extracellular fluid at serosal membrane

Question 42

content of chylomicrons

Answer 42

TAG, phospholipids, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 43

what final structure picks up the chylomicron away to store

Answer 43

lacteal

Question 44

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 44

A, D, E and K

Question 45

which vitamins follow the same absorptive path as fat

Answer 45

A, D, E and K

Question 46

what are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 46

B, C and folic acid

Question 47

how are vitamins B, C and folic acid absorbed

Answer 47

by diffusion or carried-mediated transport

Question 48

what condition can arise from a B12 deficiency

Answer 48

pernicious anaemia

Question 49

how long does it take for the B12 store to fully replace itself

Answer 49

3 years

Question 50

what is pernicious about pernicious anaemia

Answer 50

it takes 3 years from the onset of the problem till the onset of symptoms

Question 51

what aspect of RBC is B12 neccessary for

Answer 51

RBC maturation

Question 52

what substance binds with B12

Answer 52

intrinsic factor

Question 53

where is the B12 intrinsic factor complex absorbed

Answer 53

distal part of the ileum

Question 54

how is iron stored intracellularly

Answer 54

bound to ferritin

Question 55

how is iron bound in blood

Answer 55

to transferrin

Question 56

what effect will consuming more iron have on ferritin production

Answer 56

it will increase it

Question 57

what organ does transferrin bound iron go to

Answer 57

liver

Question 58

what transporter moves iron into cells

Answer 58

DMT1

Question 59

why does iron need to be bound to ferritin and transferrin

Answer 59

because it is highly reactive

Question 60

in what state does iron cross the serosal membrane of the cell

Answer 60

unbound