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PATHO > nurse 252 heart and neck > Flashcards

nurse 252 heart and neck Flashcards

1
Q

where is the apical pulse heard?

A

fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line

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2
Q

what returns unoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart?

A

anterior and inferior vena cavae

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3
Q

what leaves the right ventricle and carries the venous blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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4
Q

what returns freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary vein

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5
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

a tough, fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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6
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

is the muscular wall of the heart, it does the pumping

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7
Q

what is the endocardium

A

is the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chamber and valves

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8
Q

what is an atrium?

A

located at the top, a thin walled reservoir for holding blood

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9
Q

what is a ventricle?

A

at the bottom, thick walled and muscular pumped chamber

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10
Q

what are the four valves of the heart in order?

A

tricuspid value -> pulmonary valve -> mitral valve -> aortic valve

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11
Q

where are semilunar valves located?

A

between the ventricles and the pulmonary arteries (pulmonic valve and aortic value)-open when blood is ejected from the heart

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12
Q

where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

they seperate the atria and ventricles (tricuspid and mitral) -open during diastole and allow ventricles to fill with blood

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13
Q

how does blood flow?

A

from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure

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14
Q

what is diastole?

A

the ventricles are relaxed, and the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) are open
-heart is “chilling”

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15
Q

is it concerning if the heart is under high pressure during distole?

A
  • when under high pressure during this phase, it is very concering
  • keep this number under control
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16
Q

what is systole?

A

A large volume of blood has been pumped into the ventricles
-this volume raises ventricular pressure so that it is finally higher thna that in the atria, and the mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut to prevent regurgitation of blood back into the atria during contraction

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17
Q

what is the first heart sound (S1) made by?

A

closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

-is the “LUB” noise

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18
Q

where is S1 loudest at?

A

the Apex

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19
Q

what is the second heart sounds (s2) make by?

A

occurs when the semilunar valves close and signals the end of systole
-“DUB” noise

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20
Q

what is the normal rate of range for beats per min?

A

60- 100 bpm

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21
Q

what is sinus arrhythmia?

A

one irregular beat that occurs normally in young adults and children

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22
Q

what are the two extra heart sounds?

A

S3 and S4

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23
Q

what is the S3 heart sound? is it normal?

A

is it sometimes abnormal, but cacn be normal.

-is heard when the ventricles are resisting to filling

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24
Q

when does S3 occur?

A

-this occurs immediately after S2, when the AV valves open and the atrial blood first pours into the venticles

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25
Q

is the S4 sound normal or abnormal?

A

always abnormal

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26
Q

when does S4 occur?

A

occurs at the end of diastole

  • the atria contact and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle
  • occurs right before S1
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27
Q

how do you assess the S3 heart sound?

A

lay pt on left side (bring heart closer to chest) -assess in two positions

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28
Q

why might a preggo woman have an S3 heart sound

A

heart needs to pump harder to supply baby with blood

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29
Q

what are some health history questions (subjective data) to ask about a pts cardiac system?

A

-chest pain
-dyspnea (difficult breathing)
-orthopnea- shortness of breath when laying down (lungs fill with fluid)
-cough
-fatigue
-cyanosis or pallor
-edema- swelling of lower extremities is a sign of heart failure
-nocturia (excessive urination at night, edema fluid from lower extremities goes to kidneys and is excreted through urine
cardiac history
-family cardiac history
-cardiac risk factors (nutrition, alcohol, smoking, excersise, stress, drugs

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30
Q

how would u assess someone for cardiac issue

A

ausculate the carotid artery ( on neck) for pts who show signs or symtoms of CVD, ausculate each side and lsiten for presense of a bruit

31
Q

what is a bruit and what does it indicate

A

a swooshing noise (caused by turbulence-narrowing of artery

-is audible when lumen is half or two thirds blocked

32
Q

what position would u put a pt in to auscultate for a bruit?

A

keep the neck in a neutral positio, lightly apply the bell over the carotid artery at:

1) angle of the jaw
2) midcervical area
3) base of neck

33
Q

what is important to keep in mind when palpating the carotid artery?

A

only palpate one at a time, or can limit blood flow to the brain

34
Q

where to hear aortic valve?

A

second right intercostal space

35
Q

where to hear pulmoic valve?

A

second left interspace

36
Q

how to hear tricuspid valve?

A

firth intercostal space left lower sternal borner

37
Q

how to hear mital valve?

A

fifth intercostal space at approx left midclavicular line

38
Q

what is a murmur and what does it sound like?

A

a blowing, swooshing sound that occurs with turbluent blood flow in the heart or great vessels

39
Q

what may a murmur be caused by?

A

congential defects (born with abnormal heart) and aquired valvular defects

40
Q

what are functional murmurs?

A

caused by increased blood flow in the heart

-eg, anemia, fever, preggo, hyperthyriodism

41
Q

whats important to remember about listening to a murmor?

A

some disappear or are enhanced by a change in position

42
Q

what is aortic stenosis*

A
  • stiffening of valve
  • Calcification of aortic valve cusps restricts forward flow to blood during systole
  • pt will ned new heart valve
  • pts will feel fatigue, dizziness
  • pt will have pallor (pale), slow diminished radial pulse, low bp, murmur is loud and harsh
43
Q

what is mitral regurgitation?

A

valvue doesnt close properly, blood flows back into atrium

-stream of blood regurgitates back into left atrium during systole through incompent mitral valve

44
Q

objective and subjective finding with mitral regurgitation?

A

s: fatigue, palpitation, orthopnea (shortness of breath when laying horizontal)
o: thrill occurs in systole at apex

45
Q

is the atrial rate faster or slower than the ventricle rate?

A

it should be equal- should always be working together, if not, there is something abnormal

46
Q

whats the purpose of the lymphatic vessels?

A

removes and drains fluids, keeps immune system strong
-these vessels form a completly seperate vessle sysmte, which retreives excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream

47
Q

what would happen without the lymph drainage?

A

fluid would build up in the interstitial spaces and produce edema

48
Q

what are the two main trunks that lymphatic vessles drain into?

A

the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

49
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct? where does it empty to?

A

empties into the right subclavian vein, it drains the right side of the head, neck, right arm, right side of thorax, right lung, right sie of heart, and right upper section of the liver

50
Q

what does the thoracid duct drain?

A

drains the rest of the body, it empies into the left subclavian vein

51
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out capillaries
  • to form a major part of the immune system that defends the body against disease
  • to absorb lipids from the intestinal tract
52
Q

what are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • to destroy old red blood cells
  • to produce antibodies
  • store red blood cells
  • to filter microorganisms from blood
53
Q

why are ppl with mono told to stay away from strenuous or physical activity?

A

spleen becomes largely vasular, and could rupture

54
Q

whats the purpose of the thymus gland?

A

is large in young childre but atrophies after puberty. it is important in developing the T lymphocytes of the immune system in children, but serves no fuction in adults

55
Q

what is some subjective data for the lymphatic system?

A

leg pain or cramps

  • skin changes on arms or legs
  • swelling in arms or legs
  • lymph nodes enlarged
  • medications
56
Q

how are arteries made to withstand pressure demands?

A

they are strong, tough and tense

57
Q

how do arteries control rate of blood flow?

A

the vascular smooth muscle contrals and dialtes which changes the diameter of the arteries to push blood

58
Q

where to palpate temporal artery?

A

feel infront of ear

59
Q

how to palpate carotid artery?

A

palpated in the groove between the sternomastoid muscle and the trachea

60
Q

how to palpate femoral?

A

passes under the iguinal ligament

61
Q

how to palpate popiteal?

A

lower thigh, back of knee- divides into dorsalis pedis artery and posterior tibial artery

62
Q

where do deep veins run along? what do they conduct most of?

A

-they run alongside the deep arteries and conduct most pf the venous return from the legs- these are the femoral and popiteal veins

63
Q

What do veins drain?

A

they drain deoxygenated blood and its waste products from the tissues and return it to the heart

64
Q

veins keep blood moving by…

A

1) contracting skelatal muscle that milk the blood toward the heart- immobile pts dont get this
2) the pressue gradient caused by breathing- in which inspiration makes the thoracic pressure decrease and abdominal pressure increase
3) the intraluminal valves, which ensure undirectional fliow

65
Q

what does venous statis occur from?

A

prolonged standing, sitting, or bed rest because of the absesen of the milking that walking accomplishes

66
Q

what assessment tools can be used to determine venous return?

A
  • note skin color or nail beds, temp, texture and turgor
  • use the profile sign (veiwing the finger from the side) to detect early clubbing- curvature of the bail that reflects congential heart diease
  • capillary refill (indicator of peripheral perfusion and cadiac output (refill time or more than 1 or 2 seconds signifies vasoconstriction.
67
Q

what is the graded four point scale used for when it comes to pulse?

A

-palpare radial and dorsalis pedis pulses, noting rate, rhythm, elasticity, of vessel walls and equal force
3+= increase, full, bounding, means paranoid, psycholgic , fight or flight
2+ = normal
1+ = weal
0 = absent (medical emergency ) or clot in limb

68
Q

what are some abnormal findings for veins?

A
  • ischemic ulcer
  • diabetes
  • venous stasis ulcer
  • Deep vein thrombosis
69
Q

what is a doppler ulterasonic stethoscope used for?

A
  • use this device to detect weak peripheral pulse
  • doppler magnifies pulsatile sounds from the heart and blood vessles
  • place ultrasound gel on the end of the handheld transducer and hold gently at 45 degree angle
70
Q

what is peripheral artery disease?

A
  • occlusions in the arteries are cause by atherosclerosis, which is the chronic gradual buildup of fatty streaks, fibroid plaque, calcification of the vessle wall and thrombus formation
  • occlisions reduce blood flow, which reduces the availablilty of vital 02 and nutrients
71
Q

what is an aneurym?

A
  • an aneurysm is a sac formed by dilation in the artery wall
  • artery wall weakened, coule be due to hypertension, high bp
  • atherosclerosis weakens the middle later of vessle walls
  • this streches the inner and outer layers, and the effect of blood pressure creates a balloon like enlargment
  • most common site is the aorta
72
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A
  • most common are fusiform in shape (dilation of vessles on both sides) extending from below the renal arteries to invole the entire inrfa-renal aorta and often invole the common iliac arteries
  • pts die if it bursts
  • mortality is high
  • pressure causes lower abdominal pain and dull lower back pain
73
Q

what is a characterist of pain assosiated with DVT?

A

sudden onset

PATHO (15 decks)

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