Cellular Adaption and Neoplasia Flashcards
what is atrophy?
(of body tissue or an organ) waste away, typically due to the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.
what is disuse atrophy?
is a type of muscle atrophy, or muscle wasting, which refer to a decrease in the size of muscles in the body
-common with immobile pts- cells become smaller and shrink because of lack of use
what happens to the brain during atrophy?
the brain gets wider and bigger groves and the cerebral cortex becomes smaller (happens in Alzheimer’s disease)
what is hypertrophy?
the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.
-muscular skeletal cells become bigger in response to workload
what is cardiac hypertrophy?
- the heart becomes bigger in response to stress
- the left ventricular muscle is bigger, and the heart muscle cant relax because its so big. The enlarging of the heart is an adaptation to stress: it increases in size. vital signs: increases cardiac muscles to use more 02, heart rate will go up
what is hyperplasia?
the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.
ex, age enlarges prostate- wraps around urethra, which blocks urine flow
what is metaplasia?
an abnormal change in tissue- one type of organized cell transforms into another type of organized cell
what are some examples of metaplasia?
ex, columnar epithelium transitions to squamous epithelium in the cervix in response to a stressor (ex, HPV) - the process can be reversible when stressor is removed
ex, epithelium cells can transition to a different epithelium cell, but reverses when smoking is stopped
what is dysplasia
- changes in the size, shape, organization, and appearance of cells
- right before cancer stage- is a precursor to malignancy (last reversible stage before cancer
what is neoplasia
- means “new growth”
- May be referred to as a tumor
- can either be benign or malignant
what was a benign tumor (neoplasia) end in?
“oma”
what does a malignant (cancerous) tumor end in?
“sarcoma” or “carcinoma”
what are the characteristic of a benign tumor?
- cells are differentiated
- grow slowely
- encapsutled
- local effects
- non-invasive, will grow, but doesnt attack neighboring cells
- does not metsatasize (spread), doesnt spread to other parts of the body
what are the characteristcs of a malignant tumor?
- poorly differentiated “anaplasia”
- grows rapdily
- non-encapsulated
- generalized effects
- invasive- sends out crab like extensions
- can spread distatntly (metastasis)- new cells grow fast becaue they are immature and simple
what is a malignant tumor?
a cell that invades neighboring tissue, enter blood vessles, and metastaszies to different sites
what is a benign tumor?
a tumor cell that grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
what is angiogenesis?
a development of new blood vessles (happens with canerous tumors)
what all contrubutes to cancinogensis (oncogensis)
- envading growth suppressors
- avoiding immune destriction
- sustaining proliferative signalling
- deregulating cellular energetics
- resisting cell death
- inducing angiogensis
- genomic instablility (gene instablilty)
- activation invasion and metastasis
- tumor promoting inflammation
- envading replicative immorality
what helps sustain growth in carcinogensis?
- Anaplasia (cells with poor cellular differentiation-immature)
- sustained proliferation (rapid increase in cell #’s)
- envade growth supressors (promote proliferation)
how do cancer cells resist death?
- avoid immune distruction
- apoptosis (planned cell death) is dysregulated)
- replicative immorality (immortal genes are replicated)
how does cancer invade and metastasis
- absent contact inhibition ( Contact inhibition is a process of arresting cell growth when cells come in contact with each other)
- less adhesion
- no anchorage dependence (Anchorage dependence refers to the need for cells to be adhered to or in contact with another layer of cells.)
- motility
what does cancer do to thrive in a pesons body?
- promotes inflammation
- induces angiogensis
- alternative fuel sources
- genetic instability (chromosomal abnormalities)
what are some risk factors for cancer?
-age tabacoo -genes -gender -alchool -chronic inflammation -infection (H.Pylori, Herpes, HPV, Hepatis) -occupation -ionozing radiation -early menarche (first menstral cycle), late menopause, and few pregancies -number of sexular partners -ultravoilet radiation -obesisty -diet
what are some clinical manifestations of cancer?
- fatigue and sleep disturbance
- anemia
- cachexia (weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness)
- paraneoplastic syndromes
- pain
what is the most common manifestation of cancer?
sleep disturbance
what is fatigue described as a cancer manifestation?
Tiredness, weakness, lack of energy, exhaustion, lethargy, inability to concentrate, depression, sleepiness, boredom, and lack of motivation
what is anemia as a cancer manifestation?
A decrease of hemoglobin in the blood
what is cancerous anemia caused by
- tumor invasion into bone marrow
- chronic bleeding
- severe malnutrition
- impaired nutrition
- chemotherapy treatment
what is cachexia as a manifestation of cancer?
- weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue
- profound weakness, anorexia, anemia
what is cachexia common with?
- common with solid tumors
- more common in children and elderly
what are the symptoms of cachexia?
-anorexia, weight loss, anemia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
what are paraneoplastic syndromes?
- malignant tumor may secrete Substances that cause
- increased ADH secretion
- excess ACTH production
- hypercalcemia
- pro-coagulation factors
what is one of the most feared manifestations of cancer?
pain
how much pain is associated with early stages of malignancy?
little or no pain
what are the mechanisms of pain with cancer?
- stretching of visceral surfaces, invasion of sensitive structures, tissue destriction, obstruction and inflammation
- influced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue
what is esthesioneuroblastoma?
a rare cancer of the nasal vault
staging of caner often (but not always) uses..
(T)Tumor
(N) Nodes
(M)Metastasis
what is carcinoma in situ
An early stage cancer in which the cancerous growth or tumor is still confined to the site from which it started, and has not spread to surrounding tissue or other organs in the body.
what are the three goals for cancer treatment?
Curative (cure)
Control
palliative (quality of life)
what are the main five treatments for cancer?
- surgury (remove tumor)
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- hormone therapy
- biotherapy
what is radiation?
- localized, or to wherever it has spread to
- pre-operative or post-operative
- may be with surgery and or chemo
what does chemotherapy do?
attacks rapidly dividing cells everywhere in the body
what does hormone therapy do?
deproves cancer cells of homrmone signals to divide (slows them from growing)
what are some side effects of cancer treatment?
hair and skin bone marrow gastrointestial tract reproductive tract (these cells produce quickly, treatment is targeted at cells that are immature so a side effect is that these cells are destroyed)
what are neoplasms?
areas of abnormal and excessive cell growth. cells can undergo normal adaptation to stressors, but can also undergo neoplsia
neoplams can be either one one of two things…
Benign or malignant
