Introduction Flashcards
what is pathophysiology
the study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury
What is disease?
An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiological dysfunction
what is illness?
a persons experience of a disease
a state where a person has feelings or pain or discomfort that does not have an identifiable reason
what is etiology?
the study of the cause of disease
ex, AIDs is caused by HIV
what is epidemiology?
the study of patterns of disease in large groups of people
What are the two terms included in epidemiology?
incidence and prevalence
what is incidence?
the number of new cases during a specific time (typically a year)
what is prevalence?
existing disease at any given time (total)
what is primary prevention?
-prevent disease from occurring
ex, education, physical activity, genetic testing, good hygiene, not smoking, vaccinations
what is secondary prevention?
Early detection of disease
ex, screening, pap smears, testicular exams
what is tertiary prevention?
Prevent deterioration/ complications
early aggressive treatment
disease is already present
rehab
risk factors can either be..
non-modifiable or modifiable
what are non modifiable risk factors and what are some examples?
def: can either directly cause (etiology) or increase our risk of disease
- ex, heredity, genetics, age (susceptibility of disease and cancer increases with ag) , sex, ethnicity (leukemia is higher in Caucasian people, high bp is more common in ethnic groups)
What are some examples of modifiable risk factors?
smoking, alcohol and drug use, level of activity/ immobility, body weight, diet/ nutrition, environment, social determinants of health, and stress
what is “intrinsic” cause?
within is as a whole organism, genetics, inflammatory system, nervous system
what is extrinsic cause?
outside of organism- ex, virus, infection
what is idiopathic cause?
unknown process
what is iatrogenic cause?
related to medical care, ex- catheter can cause UTI
the process of disease can be related to…
multifactorial (many factors contributing to disease) obstruction genetics inappropriate inflammatory response inappropriate immune response infection inappropriate cellular environment (neutransmitters, fluids, electrolytes, acid/base inappropriate cell growth
what are multifactorial disorders?
Diseases caused by a number of genes acting together and influenced by other factors
ex, genetics +inflammation / immune / infection
what is obstruction?
an obstruction that can occur anywhere their is a “tube”
ex, reproductive, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, vein, blood vessles, kidneys, brain
what are the two types of obstruction?
1) mechanical
2) functional
what is mechanical obstruction?
a physical object that blocks a tube
ex, tumor, blood clot, kidney stone
what is functional obstruction?
ex, paralysis, impaired function, paralysed renal system
how can genetics cause disease?
mutations, aneuploidy, single gene disorders
what is a mutation?
any inherited alteration of genetic material
what are mutagens?
radiation, various chemicals
what is base pair substitution?
when one base pair is substituted for another
what is frameshift mutation?
addition or deletion of one base pair
what is aneuploidy?
an abnormal number of chromosomes
normally: have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
- some ppl end up with one missing or one extra, due to non-disjunction
where can non-disjunction be located?
meiosis 1 or meiosis 2
what is monosomy?
turners syndrome, the only one that is survivable ( a single Y chromosome cant survive, not enough genetic info)
how many X chromosomes in turners syndrome (monosomy)
one single X chromosome
what are the characteristics of someone with turners syndrome?
webbed fingers and toes wide hips short normal intelligence cardiac malformation in aorta
what is an example of Trisomy?
Klinefelter syndrome
what X or Y chromosomes are in Klinefelter’s?
XXY
what are the characteristics of someone with Klinefelter’s
taller than average female characteristics, male looking breats wider hips less facial hair less body hair small testes
what trisomy 21?
Down syndrome
Characteristics of a person with down syndrome?
large tongue
distinctive eyes
low ears
what are single gene disorders caused by?
cause by a single gene that is defective or mutated
what is autosomal recessive single gene disorder?
When both parents have a recessive gene for the disease- so the offspring will have
25% to be normal
50% carriers
25% will have the disease
what is autosomal dominant single gene disorder?
only one dominant gene needs to be present for the disease to occur
50% will be normal
50% will have disease
what is X-linked single gene disorder?
a disease that is on the X chromosome
-males will inherit these types of diseases from thier mother, because they dont have a normal X to counteract
Females will become carriers
-inherit an abnormal X but also inherit a normal X from father
