NURS 316 - Research Flashcards
Theory
Abstract generalization of a phenomenon and how is interrelates
Descriptive theory
Accounts for & describes the phenomenon
Conceptual model
deal with abstractions that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme
Conceptual models are:
Loosely structured
interrelated to a phenomenon
reflects assumptions and philosophical views of the model designer
Two types of research models:
Statistical and Schematic
Schematic models visually represent…
relationships among phenomenon
used in quantitative and qualitative research
Pender’s Health promotion model
Model explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle
A scientific theory is used to explain what?
Principle or body of principles to explain a phenomenon
Theories are collections of hypothesis
True
Grand theory
broad scope, most abstract
mid-range theory
narrower in scope
bridges grand theory and practice
Practice theories
Most narrow scope and least abstract
Framework
Conceptual underpinning of a study
Every study has…
a framewrok
Theoretical framework is
based on a theory
A studies framework is often _____ .
implicit
Framework is part of the research tradition in what type of study?
Qualitative
Grounded theory researchers often incorporate what in their studies?
Sociological principles
Four concepts central to nursing research models
1 - human beings
2 - environment
3 - health
4 - nursing
Jean Watson’s Caring Science Theory:
- Interpersonal
- Carative factors
- Promotes health and family growth
- Accept a person as what he/she may become
development of potential…best action…at a given point of time - Caring is healthogenic
- Central to nursing
Roy’s adaptation model
Humans viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental change through the process of adaptation
Nursing interventions take form as _____ (what factors for adaptation)?
- increasing
- decreasing
- modifying
- removing
- maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation
Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on ______
Explaining health=promoting behaviors, using wellness orientation
Michel’s Uncertainty in illness theory
Focuses on the concept of uncertainty
Counterfactual
what happens to same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the causal factor
Crossover design
exposed to more than one experimental condition in random order and serve as their own controls
Quasiexperiment
Trials without randomization
Lacks comparison group
Time-series design
outcome data collected over a period of time as well as before and after
Quantitative researchers strive to ____ external factors that could affect the outcome
control
Becker’s Health Belief Model
framework: people’s health related behavior
Transtheoretical Model reflects
5 stages of change
Within-subjects
Same people at different times or under different conditions
Students being looked at twice; once for one condition and the second for a different condition
Between -subject designs
Different people are compared;
Group A takes actual study drug; group B take placebo
Control group conditions
No intervention
Alternative intervention used
Placebo
Standard methods of care (usual care)
Different dose or different intensity of treatment
Prospective correlational design reflects that a potential cause is
linked to a hypothesized later outcome
Descriptive research
describe whether variables are related without ascribing a cause and effect connection
Asking people and relying on their word
Cross-sectional design
Data collected at a single point in time
Not following the subject; looking at the present and not the future for that one person
longitudinal design
trend studies: same population
Panel studies: same type of people
Follow-up studies: same subject now and the future
constancy of condition
Steps taken to minimize situational contaminants to achieve this
internal validity
extent to which it can be inferred that the IV caused or influenced the DV
External validity
generalizability of the observed relationships to the target population
Construct validity
degree to which key constructs are adequately captured in the study
Statistical conclusion validity
ability to detect true relationships statistically
Temporal ambiguity
unclear whether presumed cause occurred before outcome
Which on came first?
Selections threat
bias arising from pre-existing differences between groups being compared
The groups are not the same
BIGGEST THREAT TO NON-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
History threat
other events co-occurring with causal factor that could also affect outcomes
Maturation threat
processes that result simply from the passage of time
Ex. does neosporin truly heal a cut faster?
Mortality threat
differential loss of participants from different groups
Drop outs and not necessarily death
Expectancy effect
Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne effect
if people are aware the study is being conducting they might change their behavior
Low statistical power
To small of a sample
Weakly defined “cause”
IV not powerful enough
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase I
Finalizes intervention (includes efforts to determine dose, assess safety, strengthen the intervention)
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase II
Seeks preliminary evidence of effectiveness
A pilot test, may use a quasi-experimental design
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase III
Fully tests the efficacy of the treatment via RCT; multiple sites
Sometimes referred to as “efficacy study”
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase IV
Focuses on the long term consequences of the intervention and on generalizability; sometimes called the effectiveness study
Evaluation research
Examines how ell the practice, policy is working
Outcome Analysis
Seeks preliminary evidence about program success
Outcomes research
Structure
Process
Outcomes
Survey research
Obtains information on the prevalence, distribution and intervals of population variabnce
Modes of collecting survey information
- Personal (face-to-face) interviews
- Telephone interviews
- Self-administered questionarres
Secondary analysis
Cochrane Reviews
May not be aware of problems that occurred during the initial data collection
methodologic research
Involves investigating the methods for conducting rigorous research
List some advantages of mixed methods research:
- complimentarity of the qualitative and quantitative data
- practicality of using methods that best address a question
