NURS 316 - Research Flashcards
1
Q
Theory
A
Abstract generalization of a phenomenon and how is interrelates
2
Q
Descriptive theory
A
Accounts for & describes the phenomenon
3
Q
Conceptual model
A
deal with abstractions that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme
4
Q
Conceptual models are:
A
Loosely structured
interrelated to a phenomenon
reflects assumptions and philosophical views of the model designer
5
Q
Two types of research models:
A
Statistical and Schematic
6
Q
Schematic models visually represent…
A
relationships among phenomenon
used in quantitative and qualitative research
7
Q
Pender’s Health promotion model
A
Model explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle
8
Q
A scientific theory is used to explain what?
A
Principle or body of principles to explain a phenomenon
9
Q
Theories are collections of hypothesis
A
True
10
Q
Grand theory
A
broad scope, most abstract
11
Q
mid-range theory
A
narrower in scope
bridges grand theory and practice
12
Q
Practice theories
A
Most narrow scope and least abstract
13
Q
Framework
A
Conceptual underpinning of a study
14
Q
Every study has…
A
a framewrok
15
Q
Theoretical framework is
A
based on a theory
16
Q
A studies framework is often _____ .
A
implicit
17
Q
Framework is part of the research tradition in what type of study?
A
Qualitative
18
Q
Grounded theory researchers often incorporate what in their studies?
A
Sociological principles
19
Q
Four concepts central to nursing research models
A
1 - human beings
2 - environment
3 - health
4 - nursing
20
Q
Jean Watson’s Caring Science Theory:
A
- Interpersonal
- Carative factors
- Promotes health and family growth
- Accept a person as what he/she may become
development of potential…best action…at a given point of time - Caring is healthogenic
- Central to nursing
21
Q
Roy’s adaptation model
A
Humans viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental change through the process of adaptation
22
Q
Nursing interventions take form as _____ (what factors for adaptation)?
A
- increasing
- decreasing
- modifying
- removing
- maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation
23
Q
Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on ______
A
Explaining health=promoting behaviors, using wellness orientation
24
Q
Michel’s Uncertainty in illness theory
A
Focuses on the concept of uncertainty
25
Counterfactual
what happens to same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the causal factor
26
Crossover design
exposed to more than one experimental condition in random order and serve as their own controls
27
Quasiexperiment
Trials without randomization
| Lacks comparison group
28
Time-series design
outcome data collected over a period of time as well as before and after
29
Quantitative researchers strive to ____ external factors that could affect the outcome
control
30
Becker's Health Belief Model
framework: people's health related behavior
31
Transtheoretical Model reflects
5 stages of change
32
Within-subjects
Same people at different times or under different conditions
Students being looked at twice; once for one condition and the second for a different condition
33
Between -subject designs
Different people are compared;
Group A takes actual study drug; group B take placebo
34
Control group conditions
No intervention
Alternative intervention used
Placebo
Standard methods of care (usual care)
Different dose or different intensity of treatment
35
Prospective correlational design reflects that a potential cause is
linked to a hypothesized later outcome
36
Descriptive research
describe whether variables are related without ascribing a cause and effect connection
Asking people and relying on their word
37
Cross-sectional design
Data collected at a single point in time
Not following the subject; looking at the present and not the future for that one person
38
longitudinal design
trend studies: same population
Panel studies: same type of people
Follow-up studies: same subject now and the future
39
constancy of condition
Steps taken to minimize situational contaminants to achieve this
40
internal validity
extent to which it can be inferred that the IV caused or influenced the DV
41
External validity
generalizability of the observed relationships to the target population
42
Construct validity
degree to which key constructs are adequately captured in the study
43
Statistical conclusion validity
ability to detect true relationships statistically
44
Temporal ambiguity
unclear whether presumed cause occurred before outcome
Which on came first?
45
Selections threat
bias arising from pre-existing differences between groups being compared
The groups are not the same
BIGGEST THREAT TO NON-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
46
History threat
other events co-occurring with causal factor that could also affect outcomes
47
Maturation threat
processes that result simply from the passage of time
Ex. does neosporin truly heal a cut faster?
48
Mortality threat
differential loss of participants from different groups
Drop outs and not necessarily death
49
Expectancy effect
Hawthorne Effect
50
Hawthorne effect
if people are aware the study is being conducting they might change their behavior
51
Low statistical power
To small of a sample
52
Weakly defined "cause"
IV not powerful enough
53
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase I
Finalizes intervention (includes efforts to determine dose, assess safety, strengthen the intervention)
54
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase II
Seeks preliminary evidence of effectiveness
A pilot test, may use a quasi-experimental design
55
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase III
Fully tests the efficacy of the treatment via RCT; multiple sites
Sometimes referred to as "efficacy study"
56
Full Clinical Trial Phases - Phase IV
Focuses on the long term consequences of the intervention and on generalizability; sometimes called the effectiveness study
57
Evaluation research
Examines how ell the practice, policy is working
58
Outcome Analysis
Seeks preliminary evidence about program success
59
Outcomes research
Structure
Process
Outcomes
60
Survey research
Obtains information on the prevalence, distribution and intervals of population variabnce
61
Modes of collecting survey information
- Personal (face-to-face) interviews
- Telephone interviews
- Self-administered questionarres
62
Secondary analysis
Cochrane Reviews
May not be aware of problems that occurred during the initial data collection
63
methodologic research
Involves investigating the methods for conducting rigorous research
64
List some advantages of mixed methods research:
- complimentarity of the qualitative and quantitative data
| - practicality of using methods that best address a question
65
Mixed methods research are designed as either _____ or _____
sequential, concurrent
66
Survey research examines what?
People's characteristics, behaviors, intention, opinions
67
Convergent parallel design
- to obtain complementary but different data
| - AKA triangulation design
68
Population
Is the "P" in PICO
Is the entire group of interest
69
Accessible population
Portion of the portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher
People within a specific and accessible place (e.g. at a nursing home meeting the criteria)
70
Sample is the ____
subset of a population
71
Strata
mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic
72
Representative sample
More easily achieved with:
Probability sampling
73
Probability sample
eliminated biases and closest to the target population
MUST have "RANDOM" in it
74
sampling bias
over / under representation of segments of the population on key variables
75
Sampling error
Difference between value and the population
76
non-probability sampling
Does not involve elements of randomization
77
Convenience sampling
selecting the most conveniently available people as participants
Ex. front row because they were closer
May include too many of one type of demographic than another type (e.g. 100 women; 5 men)
78
Snowball sampling (network)
people already in the sample
Used to identify people with specific characteristics
Referral to enter study from someone other than the researcher
79
quota sampling
Figuring how many people are needed for a sample
80
purposive sampling (AKA... judgmental sampling)
Researchers hand-pick sample based on knowledge of participants
81
A word of mouth sampling is also known as
Snowball sampling
82
4 types of probability sampling
Simple random
Stratified random
Cluster (multistage) sampling
Systematic random sampling
83
systematic random
every th number: 5th...10th...15th...
84
Simple random sample
have a population and picking a random number
sample in a hat and drawn at random
85
Stratified random sample
put in groups then randomly select group
86
Cluster random group
larger group to small group
Small group to smaller group
Smaller group to tiny group...etc
87
Sample size
adequacy is a key determinant of sample quality in the quantitative research
Involve power analysis
88
data collection plan
new data
collected specifically for research
existing data
89
open-ended data
qualitative data
90
objective data
quantitative data
91
Dichotomous questions
yes / no
92
multiple choice questions
a, b, c, d,
93
cafeteria questions
pick all that apply
94
rank-order questions
top 3 reasons
95
forced-choice questions
Ex. how many hours would you be willing to work over time?
96
rating questions
1 - 5, 1 = never; 5 = always
97
Psychosocial scales
Likert
Semantic scales
98
Likert scale
Several declartive statements
responses are agree/disagree
summed to compute a total score
99
Research scales
to make fine quantitative discriminations among people with different attitudes, perceptions, traits
100
In vivo measurement
performed directly on or within the body
101
In vitro measurement
performed outside of the body = lab work
102
measurement
assigned numbers to represetn the amount of an attribute
103
Nominal
Assigning number to classify a catagory
104
Ordinal
Fairly low level
Provides some ranking
105
Interval
objects ordered on a scale that has equal distances between points on a scale
106
ratio
there is a rationale
meaningful zero
equal distance between score units
107
what is the measurement level?
Anxiety as measured by summed score of 10-item likert response questionairre
Sum scale
108
what is the measurement level?
heart rate
Interval
109
what is the measurement level?
depression as a score of 16 on CES-D questionairre
interval ratio
110
what is the measurement level?
Gender
nominal
111
what is the measurement level?
Age in years
interval ratio
112
what is the measurement level?
Age as young adult, middle adult, and elderly
ordinal
113
weight in pounds
interval ratio
114
obtained score
actual sdata value for a participant
115
true score
score that would be obtained w/infallible measure
116
Error
measurement caused by factors that distort measurement
117
An experimental and quasi-experimental study always has a what?
An IV and a DV
118
Descriptive statistics
used to describe and synthesize data
119
Inferential statistics
used to make inferences about the population based on sample data
120
Parameter
descriptor for a population
121
Statistic
descriptor for a sample
122
Frequency distributions can be described in terms of:
Shape
central tendencies
variability
123
Positively skewed data long tail points which direction?
to the right
124
Negatively skewed long tail points which direction?
Left
125
Mode
Most frequently occurring score in distribution
126
Median
The middle number of the distribution:
2, 3, 3, 3, 4, / 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, = 4.5
127
Mean
equals the sum of the scores divided by the total number of scores
128
inferential statistics are based on what
laws of probability
129
Mean, Median, Range & SD are what?
Descriptive statistics
130
Estimating parameters, testing statistical hypothesis are what type of statistic?
Inferential Statistics
131
sample mean = 48.5 years, SD 7.5
Descriptive statistics
132
mean age of experimental grp = 48.5, SD = 10.2, control = 51.2 yrs, SD = 5.7, df = 119, p = .315, a = .05
Inferential statistics
133
df
degrees of freedom
134
parametric statistics
stronger more powerful; focus on bell curve; interval/ratio data; normal distribution
135
non-parametric statistics
nominal /ordinal data; not normally distributed
136
a =
significance criterion; .o5 is usually the standard
137
Accepting the null hypothesis means
rejecting the research
138
Research hypothesis acceptance equals...
rejecting the null hypothesis
139
null hypothesis refers to
general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or no difference among the groups
140
P value gets compared to what
alpha level
141
Hypothesis is tested on the
null hypothesis
142
Chi-Square
tests the difference in proportions in categories within a contingency table
143
Describe Chi-squared
Non-parametric; measured at nominal and ordinal
144
H-O is the
Null hypothesis
145
H-A is the
research hypothesis
146
Chi squared is what type of statistic?
test statistic
147
p
Statistically significant and lower than the alpha level
148
Statistically significant means that the ______ was rejected and the ____ was accepted
null hypothesis, research hypothesis
149
Pearson's r, T-test, and ANOVA are what
Bivariate statistical tests
Parametric statistics
150
Rule of 68%, 95%, and 99% is
Normal distribution
151
Pearson's r
correlation coefficient by itself; inferential statistic; measured on interval levels
152
t-Test design works on what types of tests?
Experimental or comparative; quasi or experimental
153
Variable must be dependent in what type of test?
t=Test
154
ANOVA
Analysis of the variance
155
Which bivariate test is used to test the mean between more than two groups?
ANOVA (analysis of variance)
156
ANOVA dependent variable must be...
interval/ratio data
157
Which descriptive statistic is the arithmetic average in a distribution of scores?
Mean
158
the value that occurs most frequently in a distribution
Mode
159
an index of variability
Range
160
the point in a distribution above which and below which 50% of the cases fall.
Median
161
In a sampling distribution of the mean, the standard error of the mean gets smaller (estimates of the mean get more accurate) as
The sample size gets larger
