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Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

Hypoglossal

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2
Q

Cranial Nerves Mnemonic

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH!

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve locations

A
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4
Q

Cranial Nerve - Sensory, Motor, or Both - Mnemonic

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money

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5
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Olfactory

A

Sensory

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6
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Optic

A

Sensory

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7
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Oculomotor

A

Motor

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8
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Trochlear

A

Motor

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9
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Trigeminal

A

Both

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10
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Abducens

A

Motor

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11
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Facial

A

Both

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12
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory

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13
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Glossopharyngeal

A

Both

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14
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Vagus

A

Both

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15
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Accessory

A

Motor

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16
Q

Sensory, Moter, or Both?

Hypoglossal

A

Motor

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Olfactory Nerve - I

A

Primary Function: is the special sense of smell

Orgin: receptors of olfactory epithelium.

Travels through: cribiform plate of ethmoid.

Destination: olfactory bulbs

Olfactory receptors are specialized neurons in the roof of the nasal cavity. These are the only cranial nerves that are directly attached to the cerebrum.

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19
Q

Optic Nerve - II

A

Primary Function: is the special sense of vision

Orgin: retina of the eye

Travels through: optic canal of the sphenoid

Destination: diencephalon through the optic chiasm

Contains approximately 1 million sensory nerve fibers. Medial fibers from each nerve cross-over to the opposite side of the brain chiasm

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20
Q

Oculomotor Nerve - III

A

Primary Function: Motor movement of the eyes

Orgin: mesencephalon

Travels through: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Destination: rectus, oblique muscles of the eye.

Oculomotor nerve controls 4/6 extra-ocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae muscle

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21
Q

Trochlear Nerve - IV

A

Primary Function: Motormovements of the eyes

Orgin: mesencephalon

Travels through: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Destination: superior oblique muscle.

Smallest of the cranial nerves and specially innervates the superior oblique muscle

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22
Q

Trigeminal Nerve - V

A

Primary Function: mixed sensory and motor

Orgin: opthalmic branch - orbital structures, nasal cavity

Travels through: superiororbital fissure

Destination: sensory nuclei pf the pons and the muscles of mastication

The ophthalmic branch is a sensory structure that innervate the orbital structures. The maxillary branch is also a sensory nerve that supplies the lower eyelid and upper lip.

The mandibular branch is the largest branch that contains motor fibers, which innervate the muscles of mastication

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23
Q

Abducens Nerve - VI

A

Primary Function: Motor movements of the eyes

Orgin: pons

Travels through: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

Destination: lateral rectus muscle

This cranial nerve specifically innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This innvervation permits lateral movements of the eye.

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24
Q

Facial Nerve - VII

A

Primary Function: mixed sensory, motor

Orgin: sensory from taste receptors and mototr nuclei in the pons

Travels through: internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

Destination: sensory to the sensory nuclei of the pons, somatic motor to the muscles of facial expression

Overall, the different porions of the facial nerve are responsible for deep sensations over the face and for controlling muscles in the scalp and face.

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25
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - VIII

A

Primary Function: sensory and hearing

Orgin: receptors of the inner ear

Travels through: internal acoustic meatus of the temporal lobe

Destination: vestibular and cochlear nuclei of the pons and the medulla oblongata

The vestibulocochlear nerve is also known as the acoustic nerve. The cochlear branch monitors the receptors in the cochlea to sense sounds during hearing.

26
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - IX

A

Primary Function: mixed sensory and motor

Orgin: sensory from the posterior portion of the tongue, motor from the motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata

Travels through: jugular foramen

Destination: somatic motor to the pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing, visceral motor to the parotid salivary gland.

There is a motor nuclei for the glossopharyngeal nerve in the medulla oblongata, along with the X, XI, XII cranial nerves.

27
Q

Vagus Nerve - X

A

Primary Function: Mixed sensory and motor

Orgin: visceral sensory from the pharynx and diaphragm, and visceral motor from the motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata

Travels through: jugular foramen

Destination: sensory fibers to the sensory nuclei, visceral motor to the respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive organs.

The motor function of the vagus nerve includes modulating the heart, smooth muscles, and glands within its sensory monitoring areas.

28
Q

Accessory Nerve - XI

A

Primary Function: motor

Orgin: motor nuclei of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Travels through: jugular foramen

Destination: the internal branch innervates the voluntary muscles of the palate and pharynx, and the external branch controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

This nerve is made up of two branches: 1) the internal branch, which functions with the vagus nerve and, 2) the external branch, which controls the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle.

29
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve - XII

A

Primary Function: motorfunction of the tongue

Orgin: motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata

Travels through: hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone

Destination: muscles of the tongue

After exiting the skull, the hypoglassal nerve curves until it reaches the skeletal muscles of the tongue.

30
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A

Can excite or inhibit the lower motor neuron

31
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

extends to the muscle fibers

32
Q

Brain and Spinal cord are connected through _____ and _____ tracts as well as the _____ nuclei

A

sensory, motor, associated

33
Q

Nervous system pathways are organized _____ in the spinal cord and according to the _____ target

A

bilaterally, innervation

34
Q

Senosry Pathways

A

Monitors changes in skin and external environment

35
Q

Sensory pathways: 3 types of neurons:

A

First order - function by delvering sensory info to the nervous system

Second order - inter-neurons located in the cell bodies or the spinal cord

Third order - synapse with the second order-neuron and deliver the sensory information to the sensory area of the cerebral cortex

36
Q

Primary somatic sensory pathways:

A
  1. Dorsal column
  2. Spinothalamic pathway
  3. Spinocerebellar pathway
37
Q

Dorsal Pathway

(medial lemniscal pathway)

A

Transmits sensation, fine touch, pressure and vibrations from the body.

Also tranmits the relative position of body parts (proprioception)

38
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A

Tansmits pain, temperature, and gross touch and pressure sensations

39
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Transmits proprioception

40
Q

Motor Pathways

A
  1. Corticospinal pathway - corticobulbar tract, lateral corticospinal, ad the anterior corticospinal tract
  2. Medial pathway - vestibulo, tecto, and reticulospinal pathways
  3. Lateral pathway - rubrospinal tract; transmits the motor commands of the body, in response to sensory information transmitted by the somatic nervous system
41
Q

The motor pathways are organized into the somatic system, which _____ muscles, and the autonomic servous system, which innervates _____ muscle, _____ muscle and _____.

A

innervates, smooth, cardiac, glands

42
Q

Medial Motor Pathway

A

Function by controlling the muscle tone and the gross movements of the neck, trunk, and proximal limb muscles.

43
Q

Lateral Motor Pathway

A

Controls the muscle tone and movements of distal portions of the upper limbs, and the upper motor neurons are located in the red nucleus superior to the the reticular formation.

44
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains majority of the neurons and neuron cell bodies

45
Q

White Matter

A

Composed mostly of budles of myelinated axons

46
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

Adapt slowly to the stimulas and therefore, produce and transmit action potentials over a period of time.

Example: Pain receptor

47
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

React and adapt quickly to the stimulus and do not produce action potentials over time after a single stimulus;

Example: mechanoreceptor, which are in the skin and respond to stimuli, such as pressure

48
Q

Central Adaptation

A

Adaptation to a stimulus that takes place in the cental nervous system.

Process involves inhibition of nuclei along the particular sensory pathway, with leads to a reduction in sensory input to the cerebral cortex of the brain.

49
Q

Four general receptors

A
  1. nociceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. mechanoreceptors
  4. chemoreceptors
50
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

Located in: the skin, mucsle, and joints

Cell bodies are typically located: in the dorsal root ganglia and develop from neural crest cells

Organized: into thermal, mechanical and chemoreceptors

51
Q

Referred Pain

A

Sensed by nociceptors and classified generally as a fast or slow pain.

52
Q

Fast Pain

A

a small cut type pain

53
Q

Slow pain

A

Longer slower residual pain

54
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in temperature

55
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Responds to pressure, compression, twisting, or distortion of the receptors plasmalemmae

Located: skin, joints, tendons , and walls of the blood vessels

56
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detects blood pressure that flows past them and the impact it has on vessel diameter

57
Q

4 types of Mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Meissners corpuscles - rapidly adapting, encapsulated
  2. Merkel Cells - tactile discs, unencapsulated, most sensitive, found in skin and mucous membranes
  3. Pacinian Corpuscles - mechanoreceptors found in the dermis; activated when skin in rapidly indented
  4. Ruffini’s Ending - slow adapting, found in dermis, sensitive to skin stretch, activated when items slip out of hands
58
Q

Proproceptors

A

Monitors position of body parts.

Transmits sensory information to the spinal cord for processing

59
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemical stimuli in the region or location,

Located in the medulla oblongata, aorta, and the carotid arteries

Detects changes in the blood oxygination and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Transmits info to the CNS through the glossopharyngeal nerve

60
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

Nursing (18 decks)

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