Nucleptodes, Nucleic Acid and Heredity Flashcards
1867
Gregor Mendel
1869
Johann Freidrich Meischer
1903
WS Sutton
Inhertance of traits in peas
Gregor mendel
Discovered DNA
Johann Freidrich
Proposed the “Chromosome Theory”
WS Sutton
1928
Frederick Griffith
1944
Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy
1952
Hershey and Chase
noted transformation in bacteria
Frederick griffith
Degrading enzymes to determine genetic material
Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy
Discovered the genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria
Hershey and Chase
Virulent Bacteria
Mouse Dies
Avirulent bacteria
mouse survives
Heat-killed virulent bacteria
Mouse survives
Avirulent + heat-killed bacterial
Mouse dies and produces Virulent Bacteria
Protease
No effect
Ribonuclease
No effect
Deoxyribonucleases
bacteria got Inactivated
What did Alfred HErshey and MArtha chased proved in DNA?
Genetic Material of T2 Bacteriophage
Nonradioactive coat and Radioactive DNA
32p experiment
Radioactive coat and Nonradioactive DNA
35s Experiment
Result is radioactive
32p experiment
Result is not radioactive
35s experiment
polymer of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
What is nucleotides comose of?
Phosphate group
ribose sugar group
Nitrogenous bases
Another name for Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyribonucleoside
Nucleic acids bases
Pyrimidine and Puriine
monocyclic
Pyrimidine
Bicyclic
Purine
Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
DNA
Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
RNA
double stranded
DNAs
Single stranded and sometimes double stranded (for some viruses)
RNA
What are the bases of nucleic acids in purine bases?
Adenine and Guanine
What are the bases of nucleic acids in pyrimidine bases?
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
What are properties of Nucleotide bases
Aromatic
Strongly Absorbs UV light
Exhibits Keto-enol tautomerism
Has no hydroxyl group bonded 2’
Deoxyribose
Has a hydroxyl group bonded to 2’ cyclic chaine
Ribose
It is a bond between sugar, beta anomer, the bond the connects the base and the sugar
Beta-GLYCOSIDIC BOND
examples that exhibit Beta-glycosidic bond
Cytidine and Deoxyguanosine
Has no phosphate group, but replaced with a hydroxyl group
Nucleoside
link nucleotides to form nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
what are the bond between ribose and each base
Beta-Glycosidic bonds
What is the direction of the polynucleotide strand?
5’ to 3’
Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotide residues in nucleic acid.
3’5’
The sequence of bases along the pentosd- phosphodiester backbone of the nucleic acid.
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
how is base sequence is read in primary structed of nucleic acids?
5’ end to 3’ end
A,G,C,U and T
System of notation of single letter
what is nucleotide sequence of ACGTAD?
5’ ACGTAD 3’
Enumerate the secondary structures of nucleic acids?
Duplexes
Single Stranded regions
Hairpins
Bulges
Internal loops
Junctions
1952
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens
Pictured X-ray pictures of DNA
Rosalind Frankling and Maurice Wilkens
How did rosalind franklin get the iamge of the DNA?
X-ray diffraction
What pattern of type dna was founded by rosalidn franklin and maurice wilkens?
B form of DNA
1953
James watson and Francis Crick
Proposed the model of the double helix of DNA in 1953
James Watson and Francis Crick
Made the Chargaff rules
Erwn Chargaff
is when you quantify the bases 1:1 ratio the implication here if you have equal amounts, evidence of complementary bases.
Chargaff rules
What type of structure is B-DNA
SecondaryStructure
Physiological form
B-DNA
What is DNA secondary structure made up of?
Two, antiparallel polynucleotide strands
What is formed in a DNA Secondary Structure when they are coildeD?
Right-handed helix
this is nefgatively charged and is outside of the helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
are approximately perpendiculat to the axis of the helix.
Bases
How does bases look like in a double stranded dna in secodnary structure
Stacked one top another like a pile of plates
What are complementary base pairs?
A-T
G-C
2 H-bonds
A-T
3 H-Bonds
G-C
What are three major forces that contribute to stability of helix formation?
- H-bonding in base pairing
- Hydrophobic interactions in base stacking
- Dipole-dipole interactions
What are the spaces between adjacen turns of helix form what 2 grooves?
Major groove and minor groove
Wider groove
Major groove
Narrow groove
Minor groove
What is the diameter of the DNa in a secodnary structure?
2nm
What is the distance between two bp in a secondary structure?
0.34 nm
How many base pair is involve in in each turn of the helix?
10 base pairs
How long is the 10 baases pair of each turn of helix?
3.4 nm
Most common form secondary structure of DNA?
B-DNA
DNA molecules at low
humidity
A-DNA
right-handed helix, but
thicker than B-DNA
A-DNA
11bp per turn of the helix
A-DNA
has not been found in vivo
A-DNA
a left-handed double helix
Z-DNA
Usually occurs in alternating purine-pyrimidine bases
Z-DNA
may play a role in gene
expression
Z-DNA
What are the 3 forms of DNA?
A form
B form
Z form
What form?
Helical sense: Right handed
A and B
What form?
Helical sense: Left handed
Z
What form?
Diameter: 26 A
A
What form?
Diameter: 20 A
B
What form?
Diameter: 18 A
Z
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 11
A
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 10.5
B
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 12
Z
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 2.6 A
A
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.4 A
B
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.7 A
z
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 20*
A
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 6*
B
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 7*
Z
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3’ endo
A
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2’ endo
B
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2’ endo for pyrimidines
Z
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3’ endo for purines
Z
What form?
Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti
A and B
Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti for pyrimidines
Z
Glycosyl bond conformation: syn for purines
Z
Supercoiling
Tertiary Structure
Prokayortic DNA is Circular while eukaryotic DNA is linear
Tertiary Structure
further coiling and twisting of DNA
helix.
Supercoiling
capable of cutting and rejoining the
DNA ends to produce supercoils
Topoisomerase
Two types of super coils
Negative and positive
Tertiary structure of prokaryotic DNA
Circular
Tertiary structure of eukaryotic DNA
Linear
How long is eukaryotic DNA?
2 meters
what happens to the linear and long eukaryotic dna in a nucleus?
Packed in a tight strucutre
is formed by DNA coiling to a histone
octamer and locked by H1 histone protein
Nucleosome
a protein rich in the basic aa Lys and Arg; found associated with eukaryotic DNA
Histone
is formed when nucleosomes forms a helical coil
Solenoid
how does solenoid form loops by attaching some portions to a?
Protein scaffolding
what does protein scaffolding forms?
Chromatin
which are the different bands of a chromosome called locus/loci.
Chromatin
what accomodates topological changes which is indicued by supercoiling that is a component of chromatin
Histone-protein
what heppens when DNA duplex is subjected conditions of pH, temperature or ionic strength that disrupt H- bonds; the strands are r eadily separated.
denaturation of DNA.
is a measure of the base composition of DNA.
Melting temperature
Tm ________ linearly with the proportion of G-C bps in the DNA.
Increases
What happens when a denaturation of Dna happens what is the measurment of absorbance increases to what?
260 nm
Double helix unwinds
Denatured
Re-formed with slow cooling and annealling
Renaturation
Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribsomes, the sith of protein synthesis
Ribosome RNA
Directs amino acid to sequence of proteins
Messenger RNA
Process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
Small nuclear RNA
Affects gene expression; used by scienctist to knockout a gene being studied
Small interfering RNA
Affects gene expression; the important in growth and development
Micro RNA
the smallest kind of the three RNAs
tRNA
a single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73-94 nucleotide residues
tRNA
carries an amino acid
at its 3’end
tRNA
intramolecular hydrogen
bonding occurs in tRNA
tRNA
Ribosome consist of how many percentage of rRNA?
60 to 65%
Ribosome consist of how many percentage of proteins?
35 to 40%
how many subunits is ribosme
two
how is rRNA analyzed?
Analytical centrifugation
How is rRNA characterized?
Sedimentation coefficients
S
Swedberg units
70s
Prokaryotic
80S
Eukaryotic
ribonucleic acid that carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins
mRNA
present in cells in relatively small amounts and very short-
lived
mRNA
single stranded, biosynthesis is directed by information encoded on DNA
mRNA
is synthesized along one
strand of an unwound DNA, starting from the 3’ end
mRNA
