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Biochem Lec > Nucleptodes, Nucleic Acid and Heredity > Flashcards

Nucleptodes, Nucleic Acid and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

1867

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

1869

A

Johann Freidrich Meischer

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3
Q

1903

A

WS Sutton

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4
Q

Inhertance of traits in peas

A

Gregor mendel

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5
Q

Discovered DNA

A

Johann Freidrich

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6
Q

Proposed the “Chromosome Theory”

A

WS Sutton

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7
Q

1928

A

Frederick Griffith

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8
Q

1944

A

Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy

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9
Q

1952

A

Hershey and Chase

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10
Q

noted transformation in bacteria

A

Frederick griffith

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11
Q

Degrading enzymes to determine genetic material

A

Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy

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12
Q

Discovered the genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria

A

Hershey and Chase

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13
Q

Virulent Bacteria

A

Mouse Dies

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14
Q

Avirulent bacteria

A

mouse survives

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15
Q

Heat-killed virulent bacteria

A

Mouse survives

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16
Q

Avirulent + heat-killed bacterial

A

Mouse dies and produces Virulent Bacteria

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17
Q

Protease

A

No effect

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18
Q

Ribonuclease

A

No effect

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19
Q

Deoxyribonucleases

A

bacteria got Inactivated

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20
Q

What did Alfred HErshey and MArtha chased proved in DNA?

A

Genetic Material of T2 Bacteriophage

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21
Q

Nonradioactive coat and Radioactive DNA

A

32p experiment

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22
Q

Radioactive coat and Nonradioactive DNA

A

35s Experiment

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23
Q

Result is radioactive

A

32p experiment

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24
Q

Result is not radioactive

A

35s experiment

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25
Q

polymer of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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26
Q

What is nucleotides comose of?

A

Phosphate group
ribose sugar group
Nitrogenous bases

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27
Q

Another name for Deoxyguanosine

A

Deoxyribonucleoside

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28
Q

Nucleic acids bases

A

Pyrimidine and Puriine

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29
Q

monocyclic

A

Pyrimidine

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30
Q

Bicyclic

A

Purine

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31
Q

Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

A

DNA

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32
Q

Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

A

RNA

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33
Q

double stranded

A

DNAs

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34
Q

Single stranded and sometimes double stranded (for some viruses)

A

RNA

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35
Q

What are the bases of nucleic acids in purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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36
Q

What are the bases of nucleic acids in pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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37
Q

What are properties of Nucleotide bases

A

Aromatic
Strongly Absorbs UV light
Exhibits Keto-enol tautomerism

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38
Q

Has no hydroxyl group bonded 2’

A

Deoxyribose

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39
Q

Has a hydroxyl group bonded to 2’ cyclic chaine

A

Ribose

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40
Q

It is a bond between sugar, beta anomer, the bond the connects the base and the sugar

A

Beta-GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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41
Q

examples that exhibit Beta-glycosidic bond

A

Cytidine and Deoxyguanosine

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42
Q

Has no phosphate group, but replaced with a hydroxyl group

A

Nucleoside

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43
Q

link nucleotides to form nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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44
Q

what are the bond between ribose and each base

A

Beta-Glycosidic bonds

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45
Q

What is the direction of the polynucleotide strand?

A

5’ to 3’

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46
Q

Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotide residues in nucleic acid.

A

3’5’

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47
Q

The sequence of bases along the pentosd- phosphodiester backbone of the nucleic acid.

A

Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids

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48
Q

how is base sequence is read in primary structed of nucleic acids?

A

5’ end to 3’ end

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49
Q

A,G,C,U and T

A

System of notation of single letter

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50
Q

what is nucleotide sequence of ACGTAD?

A

5’ ACGTAD 3’

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51
Q

Enumerate the secondary structures of nucleic acids?

A

Duplexes
Single Stranded regions
Hairpins
Bulges
Internal loops
Junctions

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52
Q

1952

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens

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53
Q

Pictured X-ray pictures of DNA

A

Rosalind Frankling and Maurice Wilkens

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54
Q

How did rosalind franklin get the iamge of the DNA?

A

X-ray diffraction

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55
Q

What pattern of type dna was founded by rosalidn franklin and maurice wilkens?

A

B form of DNA

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56
Q

1953

A

James watson and Francis Crick

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57
Q

Proposed the model of the double helix of DNA in 1953

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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58
Q

Made the Chargaff rules

A

Erwn Chargaff

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59
Q

is when you quantify the bases 1:1 ratio the implication here if you have equal amounts, evidence of complementary bases.

A

Chargaff rules

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60
Q

What type of structure is B-DNA

A

SecondaryStructure

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61
Q

Physiological form

A

B-DNA

62
Q

What is DNA secondary structure made up of?

A

Two, antiparallel polynucleotide strands

63
Q

What is formed in a DNA Secondary Structure when they are coildeD?

A

Right-handed helix

64
Q

this is nefgatively charged and is outside of the helix

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

65
Q

are approximately perpendiculat to the axis of the helix.

A

Bases

66
Q

How does bases look like in a double stranded dna in secodnary structure

A

Stacked one top another like a pile of plates

67
Q

What are complementary base pairs?

A

A-T
G-C

68
Q

2 H-bonds

A

A-T

69
Q

3 H-Bonds

A

G-C

70
Q

What are three major forces that contribute to stability of helix formation?

A
  • H-bonding in base pairing
  • Hydrophobic interactions in base stacking
  • Dipole-dipole interactions
71
Q

What are the spaces between adjacen turns of helix form what 2 grooves?

A

Major groove and minor groove

72
Q

Wider groove

A

Major groove

73
Q

Narrow groove

A

Minor groove

74
Q

What is the diameter of the DNa in a secodnary structure?

A

2nm

75
Q

What is the distance between two bp in a secondary structure?

A

0.34 nm

76
Q

How many base pair is involve in in each turn of the helix?

A

10 base pairs

77
Q

How long is the 10 baases pair of each turn of helix?

A

3.4 nm

78
Q

Most common form secondary structure of DNA?

A

B-DNA

79
Q

DNA molecules at low
humidity

A

A-DNA

80
Q

right-handed helix, but
thicker than B-DNA

A

A-DNA

81
Q

11bp per turn of the helix

A

A-DNA

82
Q

has not been found in vivo

A

A-DNA

83
Q

a left-handed double helix

A

Z-DNA

84
Q

Usually occurs in alternating purine-pyrimidine bases

A

Z-DNA

85
Q

may play a role in gene
expression

A

Z-DNA

86
Q

What are the 3 forms of DNA?

A

A form
B form
Z form

87
Q

What form?

Helical sense: Right handed

A

A and B

88
Q

What form?
Helical sense: Left handed

A

Z

89
Q

What form?
Diameter: 26 A

A

A

90
Q

What form?
Diameter: 20 A

A

B

91
Q

What form?
Diameter: 18 A

A

Z

92
Q

What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 11

A

A

93
Q

What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 10.5

A

B

94
Q

What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 12

A

Z

95
Q

What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 2.6 A

A

A

96
Q

What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.4 A

A

B

97
Q

What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.7 A

A

z

98
Q

What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 20*

A

A

99
Q

What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 6*

A

B

100
Q

What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 7*

A

Z

101
Q

What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3’ endo

A

A

102
Q

What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2’ endo

A

B

103
Q

What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2’ endo for pyrimidines

A

Z

104
Q

What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3’ endo for purines

A

Z

105
Q

What form?
Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti

A

A and B

106
Q

Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti for pyrimidines

A

Z

107
Q

Glycosyl bond conformation: syn for purines

A

Z

108
Q

Supercoiling

A

Tertiary Structure

109
Q

Prokayortic DNA is Circular while eukaryotic DNA is linear

A

Tertiary Structure

110
Q

further coiling and twisting of DNA
helix.

A

Supercoiling

111
Q

capable of cutting and rejoining the
DNA ends to produce supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

112
Q

Two types of super coils

A

Negative and positive

113
Q

Tertiary structure of prokaryotic DNA

A

Circular

114
Q

Tertiary structure of eukaryotic DNA

A

Linear

115
Q

How long is eukaryotic DNA?

A

2 meters

116
Q

what happens to the linear and long eukaryotic dna in a nucleus?

A

Packed in a tight strucutre

117
Q

is formed by DNA coiling to a histone
octamer and locked by H1 histone protein

A

Nucleosome

118
Q

a protein rich in the basic aa Lys and Arg; found associated with eukaryotic DNA

A

Histone

119
Q

is formed when nucleosomes forms a helical coil

A

Solenoid

120
Q

how does solenoid form loops by attaching some portions to a?

A

Protein scaffolding

121
Q

what does protein scaffolding forms?

A

Chromatin

122
Q

which are the different bands of a chromosome called locus/loci.

A

Chromatin

123
Q

what accomodates topological changes which is indicued by supercoiling that is a component of chromatin

A

Histone-protein

124
Q

what heppens when DNA duplex is subjected conditions of pH, temperature or ionic strength that disrupt H- bonds; the strands are r eadily separated.

A

denaturation of DNA.

125
Q

is a measure of the base composition of DNA.

A

Melting temperature

126
Q

Tm ________ linearly with the proportion of G-C bps in the DNA.

A

Increases

127
Q

What happens when a denaturation of Dna happens what is the measurment of absorbance increases to what?

A

260 nm

128
Q

Double helix unwinds

A

Denatured

129
Q

Re-formed with slow cooling and annealling

A

Renaturation

130
Q

Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA

131
Q

Combines with proteins to form ribsomes, the sith of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome RNA

132
Q

Directs amino acid to sequence of proteins

A

Messenger RNA

133
Q

Process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes

A

Small nuclear RNA

134
Q

Affects gene expression; used by scienctist to knockout a gene being studied

A

Small interfering RNA

135
Q

Affects gene expression; the important in growth and development

A

Micro RNA

136
Q

the smallest kind of the three RNAs

A

tRNA

137
Q

a single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73-94 nucleotide residues

A

tRNA

138
Q

carries an amino acid
at its 3’end

A

tRNA

139
Q

intramolecular hydrogen
bonding occurs in tRNA

A

tRNA

140
Q

Ribosome consist of how many percentage of rRNA?

A

60 to 65%

141
Q

Ribosome consist of how many percentage of proteins?

A

35 to 40%

142
Q

how many subunits is ribosme

A

two

143
Q

how is rRNA analyzed?

A

Analytical centrifugation

144
Q

How is rRNA characterized?

A

Sedimentation coefficients

145
Q

S

A

Swedberg units

146
Q

70s

A

Prokaryotic

147
Q

80S

A

Eukaryotic

148
Q

ribonucleic acid that carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins

A

mRNA

149
Q

present in cells in relatively small amounts and very short-
lived

A

mRNA

150
Q

single stranded, biosynthesis is directed by information encoded on DNA

A

mRNA

151
Q

is synthesized along one
strand of an unwound DNA, starting from the 3’ end

A

mRNA

Biochem Lec (10 decks)

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