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Mr Mac Biology > Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mRNA

A

Produced by transcription from the dna template strand

It has a base sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it is transcribed (except u replaces t)

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2
Q

tRNA

A

tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation
3 bases at one end of the molecule
Corresponding amino acid on other side

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3
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying sections of DNA base sequence to produce smaller/free molecules ,RNA nucleotides
Complementary base-pairs line up creating a template/sense strand
Making of mRNA

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4
Q

Translation

A

mRNA moves out of the nucleus, with genetic code, to ribosomes
Binds to ribosome
mRNA is held in position while it is translated into a sequence of amino acids

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5
Q

Function of mRNA

A

carries genetic code from DNA in a cell’s nucleus to ribosomes

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6
Q

Why ribosomes are necessary in protein synthesis

A
  • mRNA binds to start codon
  • tRNA binds to anti codon
  • tRNA positioned to decode mRNA to synthesise amino acids
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7
Q

What base letter is replaced

And for which is it replaced for

A

U for t

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8
Q

How many DNA bases are needed to code for an amino acid

A

3

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9
Q

What is the use for the other 44 amino acid combinations

A

they are degenerate meaning they code for the same amino acid (overlapping)

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10
Q

Why is DNA replication considered to be semi conservative

A

One strand from original DNA and one newly formed
Original strand acts as template
Means replicated strand is half the same strand as the original one

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11
Q

Why complementary base pairing is important

A

DNA can be replicated without error/ formation of identical DNA
Reduces the occurrence of mutation
Allows reformation of h bonds

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12
Q

Chemical elements that can make up a nuclei acid

A

Carbon, hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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13
Q

Job of DNA

A

Sequence of nuclei acids that store genetic information and synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Smaller bases contains single ring carbon structures

Thymine (T) and cytosine (C)

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15
Q

Purines

A

Larger bases that contain a double ring carbon structure adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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16
Q

Role of RNA

A

Transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins that make up the enzymes and tissues of the body.

17
Q

components of nucleotides

A

Pentose monosaccharide contains 5 carbon atoms
A phosphate group -PO4*2-, and inorganic molecule that is acidic and negatively charged
Nitrogenous base- a complex organic molecule containing one or 2 carbon rings in its structure as well as nitrogen
Polynucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds a strong sugar phosphate backbone ( between phosphate and ribose)

18
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Deoxyribose
1 less oxygen atom than ribose
2 antiparallel polynucleotide chains twisted to form a double helix
H bonds hold together bases C-G, A-T

19
Q

Role of the DNA helicase

A

Unwinding and separating of double helix

20
Q

Role of DNA polymerase

A

Catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides pairing with newly exposed bases ( double strand just been unzipped by helicase)
Carbon 3 on 1 sugar molecule + carbon 5 on another

21
Q

DNA replication

A

Helicase separates double strand
Free nucleotides that have been activated are attracted to their complementary bases
Once nucleotides line up DNA polymerase joins them
Polynucleotide chain is completed , 2 identical chains

22
Q

Replication errors

A

sequences of bases are not always matched exactly

An incorrect sequence may occur in the new strand

23
Q

Genetic code

A

Carried by mRNA during transcription
DNA codes for a sequence of amino acids
This was found out as DNA is contained within the cells of all organisms, scientists determined that this molecule was the means which genetic info was passed on

24
Q

Triplet code

A

Sequence 3 pairs of bases are called codons
Each codon codes for an amino acid
A section of DNA that contains the complete sequences of bases (codons) to code for an entire protein is called a gene

25
Q

(t)RNA

A

Necessary for translation of mRNA

When codon enters the ribosomes tRNA will bring a complimentary anticodon to some and bind with it

26
Q

Explained translation process

A
  • mRNA, carrying genetic code from the nucleus, binds to ribosome at start codon
  • tRNA with complimentary anticodon binds to mRNA start codon
  • Another tRNA with the anticodon (UGC), threonine, carrying the corresponding amino acid bind to the next codon on the mRNA (ACG)
  • First amino acid, methionine, is transferred to the amino acid threonine on the second tRNA by the formation of a peptide bond
27
Q

how the structure of DNA allows replication

A

Double stranded , both strands act as a template
Hydrogen bonds easily broken
Complementary base pairing

28
Q

Nature of genetic code

A

Universal - same bases in all organisms
Triplet- base pairs are read 3 at a time which have a complimentary amino acid
Non overlapping - once one codon is read the next3 bases are read
Degenerate

29
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Ribose sugar
3 phopshates
Nucleotide base

30
Q

How is ATP used

A

Hydrolysis reaction
ATP + water = ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy (energy released used by cells)
Condensation
ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy supplied from respiration= ATP

31
Q

Properties of ATP

A

small - moves in and out of cells easily
Water soluble- energy requiring processes happen in aqueous environments
Contain bonds between phosphates enough energy to be used for cellular reactions but not too much that it is wasted as heat
Easily regenerated

32
Q

Bonds between nucelotides

A

Phosphodiester between phosphate and sugar

33
Q

Sturcure of DNA

A

Pentose monosaccharide
Negatively charged phoshate group
Nitrogenous base

34
Q 
Which of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA 
Bind to an amino acid by condensation 
Carries DNA transcript 
Found in nucleus 
Present in ribosome 
Structural element of an organelle
A 
Binds to amino acids- tRNA 
Carries transcript - mRNA
Found in nucleus - all 3 
Present in ribosome - all 3
Structural element - rRNA
35
Q

Describe the structural relationship between deoxyribose and the other components of the DNA molecule

A

Backbone of the polypeptide
Monomer is a repeat unit
Bonded to 2 phosphates via phosphodiester bonds

Mr Mac Biology (16 decks)

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