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Mr Mac Biology > Classification And evolution > Flashcards

Classification And evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 taxonomic groups

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus , species

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2
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Prokayotae 
Fungi
Plantae 
Animalia 
Protoctista
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3
Q

Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles , ring of naked DNA
No visible feeding mechanism, nutrients absorbed or photosynthesis

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4
Q

Protoctista

A

Mainly unicellular
Some have chloroplasts
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some are sessile, but others move by cilia or flagella
Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis ( autotrophic feeders), ingestion of other organisms ( heterotrophic feeders)

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5
Q

Fungi

A

Unicellular or multi
Nucleus + membrane bound organelles, cell wall composed of chitin.
No mechanism for locomotion
Most have a body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae
Stores food as glycogen

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6
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular
Nucleus + membrane bound organelles, cell wall of cellulose
Contains chlorophyll
Most do not move, some have cilia or flagella
Store food as starch
Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis, autotrophic feeders

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7
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles , no cell wall
No chloroplasts
Move with aid of cilia or flagella, or contractive proteins, sometimes in the form of muscle organs
Nutrients acquired by ingestion, heterotrophic feeders.
Food stored as glycogen

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8
Q

Reason for new naming system

A

Traditional 5 kingdoms were: prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Prokaryotae were actually vastly different so they were split into 2 kingdoms eubacteria and archae-bacteria
With eukarya, bacteria and acrchea as the 3 domains

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9
Q

Archea bacteria

A

Ancient bacteria that can live in extreme environments

Hot , anaerobic, acidic

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10
Q

Eubacteria

A

Known as true bacteria

Found in all environments

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11
Q

Domains of new system

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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12
Q

Phylogeny

A

Name given to the evolutionary relationship between organisms

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13
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Palaeontology- study of fossils
Comparative anatomy- similarities and differences between organisms anatomy
Comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences in chemical makeup

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14
Q

Homologous structures

A

A structure that appears significantly different , and may perform different functions, in different organisms but has the same underlying structure

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15
Q

Evidence of evolution - palaeontology

A

Simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks, vertebrates found in new rocks supports theory that life forms evolved over time, into more complex organisms
Sequences, plant fossils appear before animal fossils
Studying anatomy, can show that closely related species evolved from the same ancestor
Allows Relationship between Extinct and living to be investigated

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16
Q

Comparative biochemistry

A

Study proteins and other molecules that control life processes.
Some of these remain unchanged (highly conserved) among related species, slight changes that occur in these molecules can identify evolutionary links.
Neutral substitutions , those that do not effect function, occur at a regular rate (rate is different for different molecules).
Change in molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared against the rate of neutral change to understand where the organisms last shared a common ancestor

17
Q

Evolutionary by natural selection

A

All living organisms produce more offspring than make it to adulthood
Only the strongest survive to pass on their genes and therefore characteristics to their offspring

18
Q

Causes of variation - genetic

A

Random alleles
Mutations
Meiosis, random
Sexual reproduction, genes from each parent
Chance- many different gametes are produced to hope that one fertilises, individuals differ from siblings

19
Q

Continuous variation vs discontinuous

A

Animals ; continuous - height Discontinuous- blood type
Plants- size ,discontinuous
Microorganisms- continuous size , Discontinuous shape

20
Q

Environmental variation

A

Access to sun or water

Random pollination

21
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A 
Physical features: hair, scales 
Camouflage 
Teeth 
Mimicry 
Provide evidence for convergent evolution
22
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Survival behaviours - play dead , freeze
Courtship- elaborate ways of attracting a mate
Seasonal behaviour- cope with changes of environment, hibernation or migration
Innate behaviour , learned behaviour

23
Q

Physiological adaptions

A

Production- venom to kill prey
Antibiotic production- deal with bacteria
Water holding

24
Q

Marsupial and placental moles

A

Both burrow through soil to find food
Streamline body shape and limbs for digging
Velvet fur for smooth movement
However they differ in colour, marsupial is white-orange
Placenta is grey

25
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When 2 species that are not closely related evolve similar traits due to environmental pressures

26
Q

How does natural selection occur

A

1) genetic variation
2) selection pressure
3) how this effects reproductive success
4) how this results in increased population possessing the advantageous characteristics

27
Q

How does evolution in other species effect humans

A

Antibiotic reliance in microorganisms

Makes infection much more difficult to cure like in the 1900s

28
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms

A

To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links
To identify species

29
Q

Structure if DNA

A 
Double stranded 
Hydrogen bonds that can easily be broken 
Both strands act as a template 
Complementary base pairing 
a+t
c+g
30
Q

What makes variation continuous

A

Many genes effecting
Both genetic and environmental factors
Quantitative e.g range of values
No distinct groups

31
Q

What makes variation discontinuous

A

Controlled by one or very few genes
Very little environmental effect
Discrete Categories

32
Q

heterotrophic feeders

A

Fungi and animalia

Cannot produce own food

33
Q

Examples of heterotrophic and autotrophic feeders

A

Prokaryotae and Protoctista

34
Q

Autotrophic feeders

A

Plantae

Self feeders

35
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms

A

To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links
To identify species

36
Q

Link/difference between phylogeny and classification

A

Classification uses knowledge of phylogeny

  • phylogeny produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups
  • hierarchal nature of the Linnaean system can be confusing
37
Q

How will evolution in other species effect the human population

A

Bacteria becoming antibiotics resistant

Insects becoming pesticide resistant

Mr Mac Biology (16 decks)

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