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Biochemistry 2 > Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides

A

building blocks of nucleic acids
sugar, phosphate, base

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2
Q

DNA

A

stores and transmits info

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3
Q

gene

A

sections of dna that encode info to make products

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4
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
carries info from the gene to the ribosome

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5
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
translates info from mRNA into the amino acid code of the protein

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6
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
carries out the synthesis of a protein

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7
Q

Functions of nucleotides

A

energy
enzyme cofactors
regulatory molecules

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8
Q

How many rings and nitrogens does a pyrimidine have?

A

one ring
2 nitrogens

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9
Q

How many rings and nitrogens does a purine have?

A

2 rings
4 nitrogens

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10
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar and a base

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11
Q

nucleobase

A

just the base

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12
Q

What are the 5 nucleoside bases?

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil
adenine
guanine

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13
Q

What does RNA do?

A

process info

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14
Q

What are the major structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. deoxy sugar at 2’ position
  2. bases used; U in RNA, T in DNA
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15
Q

How are DNA or RNA strands linked together?

A

phosphodiester backbone

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16
Q

How are genetic chains written and read?

A

5’ -> 3’

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17
Q

Nucleotides absorb UV light around?

A

260 nm

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18
Q

Nucleotides form hydrogens bonds with each other and are x, y, and z

A

aromatic
hydrophobic
planar

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19
Q

Minor bases

A

involved in regulation, methylation, or hydroxymethylation
inosine for tRNA

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20
Q

What is the primary structure of DNA?

A

the nucleotide sequence

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21
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

A

double helix

22
Q

What is the tertiary structure of DNA?

A

large 3D folding into chromosomes

23
Q

Who was involved in the discovery of DNA structure?

A

James D. Watson
Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins

24
Q

A form

A

most stable in non aqueous environments; right handed helix

25
Q

B form

A

most stable at physiological conditions; right handed helix

26
Q

Z form

A

common in high GC repeat
used in regulation
left handed helix

27
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix with antiparallel complementary strands
base pairs will cause an offset- results in major and minor grooves

28
Q

What maintains the helix?

A

H bonding holds strands together
Pi stacking orients the bases

29
Q

Palindromes

A

hairpins and cruciforms

30
Q

mirrored repeats

A

used for regulation

31
Q

Hoogsteen Pairing

A

H bonding to non-Watson and Crick sites
usually at low pH bc it requires protonation of cytosine

32
Q

Triplex DNA

A

occurs in areas of only purine/pyrimidines
role in regulation and protein binding

33
Q

Tetraplex

A

forms in areas of high G content
usually in telomeres
have a role in oncogenesis

34
Q

RNA is

A

always single stranded
in a right handed helix
capable of forming hairpins and loops with itself

35
Q

Denaturation

A

breaking of DNA into single strands
can be partial/total
no covalent bonds are broken

36
Q

Annealing/ Renaturation

A

bringing the strands back together

37
Q

What is more stable: DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

38
Q

GC content

A

when higher leads to stronger bonds and ability to withstand higher temps

differs between species

useful for species identification in bacteria

39
Q

DNA Hybridization

A

DNA with similar sequences will form hybrid duplexes
can help determine the function of genes

40
Q

DNA damage

A

can lead to disease
caused by deamination, dimerization, chemical reactions, methylation

41
Q

Deamination

A

oxidative, nucleotide transformation

42
Q

Cytosine -> Uracil

A

most common deamination
responsible for high mutation rates

43
Q

5-methylcytesine -> thymine

A

type of deamination
likely how thymine came to be evolutionarily

44
Q

Adenosine -> hypoxanthine
Guanosine -> xanthine

A

types of less common deaminations

45
Q

depurination

A

loss of the base from the sugar
causes an a basic site which can lead to errors in DNA processing
more common in DNA
bigger issue if it happens in RNA

46
Q

dimerization

A

occurs because of UV radiation
requires repair
can lead to mutation

47
Q

Nitrates and nitrites

A

common preservatives in body
convert to nitrous acid

48
Q

Nitrous acid becomes nitrous amines which promote?

A

deamination

49
Q

Enzymatic methylation

A

bases get methylated for a purpose
A is methylated for repair
about 5% of C is methylated as a marker in promoter regions and for gene regulation

50
Q

DNA sequencing happens

A

automatically

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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