Intro and Lipids Flashcards
What are the hydrophobic non-charged amino acids?
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline
What are the polar non charged amino acids?
Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Which amino acids are aromatic?
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
Which amino acids are acidic, polar, and have a negative charge?
Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid
Which amino acids are basic, polar, and have a positive charge?
Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
What does a kinase do?
adds a phosphate
What does a phosphatase do?
Removes a phosphate
Reduction
adds electrons, double bond to single bond
Oxidation
loses electrons, single bond to double bond
Hydrolysis
adds water to break an ester
Mutase
phosphoryl shift
The breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose results in how much potential ATP?
32 ATP
What are the purposes of the citric acid cycle?
Acts as a metabolic hub connecting pathways, oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to CO2, and produces energy
What is fatty acid metabolism also called?
Beta Oxidation
What are lipids?
Hydrophobic biomolecules, made of repeating hydrocarbon units, in every cell, and have a variety of functions
What do lipids do?
Energy storage, signaling, membrane structure, and act as cofactors
Lipid storage is often done through TAG, what is the difference in its deposits in cells versus adipocytes?
small droplets in cells, large droplets in adipocytes
What does oxidation of fatty acids make?
CO2, water, and energy
What do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the membrane do?
Hydrophobic creates the actual membrane while the hydrophilic face points in and out of the cell. Can decide what enters the cell but this can also make it hard for drugs to get across
Where are glycerophospholipids and what are they made of?
in eukaryotic cell membranes
consist of lipids, glycerol and a phosphate
Where are sphingolipids and what are they made of?
in neurons, used for cellular recognition
have lipid, phosphate, and a nitrogen group
Where are galactolipids and what are they made of?
in plant cell membranes
made of lipids, glycerol, and sugar
What are glycosphingolipids made of?
made of lipid, nitrogen group, and a sugar
What are some CNS disorders due to?
dysregulation of sphingolipids
What is Tay-Sachs?
buildup of glycosphingolipids, leads to developmental retardation, may result in blindness, eventually paralysis and death
What is Niemann-Pick Disease
enzyme loss leads to fat build up in cells
there are major and minor forms
leads to early death within 6-40 years
Where are sterols and what do they do?
in the cell membrane
they alter physiochemical properties, not as flexible or long as phospholipids, and have a different hydrophilic group than phospholipids
What happens as sterol concentration increases?
membrane properties increase
Where do prostaglandins send messages?
to nearby cells
Where do steroid hormones send messages?
to distant cells and tissues
travels through the blood stream on protein carriers and alters gene expression in target cells
What is PGE2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin
it is in the drug cervidil which induces labor
What is PGD2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin
involved in asthma and male pattern baldness
What is TXA2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and thromboxane
involved in tissue injury and inflammation
What are leukotrienes?
an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule
involved in asthma
has 3 double bonds in conjugation
What are lipoxins?
an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule
involved in anti-inflammatory response
has 4 double bonds in conjugation
What type of drugs are given as anti-inflammatory for autoimmune disorders?
Steroid drugs
Birth control
a steroid drug, typically a mix of estrogen and progestin
Hormone Replacement Therapy
replaces the sex hormones that our body no longer or never made
type of steroid drug
Fatty Acid Synthetases process
- make fully saturated fatty acids
- convert into unsaturated fatty acids with desaturases
- can convert with extension and desaturation
Where can humans add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?
delta 4, 5, 6, or 9
What are the most common starting point in fatty acid synthetases?
palmitate and stearate
Where can plants add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?
delta 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15
What is Type 1 Fatty Acid Synthetases?
in animals- 1 enzyme with 7 domains
in fungi- multi subunit to form 7 domains
What is type 2 fatty acid synthetases?
in bacteria and plants- 7 domains as separable enzyme
What does malonyl/acetyl transferase do?
attach acetate to the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase
What does ketosynthase do?
makes the bond in fatty acid synthetase
What does ketoreductase do?
reduces ketone to an alcohol in fatty acid synthetase
What does dehydratase do?
dehydrates alcohol to form an alkene in fatty acid synthetase
What does an enoyl reductase do?
reduces alkene to an alkane in fatty acid synthetase
What does thioesterase do?
cleaves the fatty acid from the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase
Isoniazid
used to treat tuberculosis
prodrug, activated by mycobacterium turberculosis
blocks enoyl reductase function and stops the cell wall synthesis in bacterium
Triclosan
general anti-septic
is bacteriostatic at low concentrations
blocks enoyl reductase and stops cell wall synthesis in bacterium
present in a large number of consumer products, starting to be more regulated
How much glycogen can the body store?
enough to fuel it for 12 hours
How much TAG can the body store?
up to 12 weeks worth
What is the process for TAG synthesis?
1a. start at glucose goes through glycolysis and stops at DHAP
1b. start from pyruvate go up to DHAP through glyceroneogenesis
- DHAP converts to glycerol 3-phosphate by reduction
- attaches fatty acid on glycerol 3- phosphate to form phosphatidic acid
- can be esterfication (attach fatty acid on Coenzyme A) or transferase (attach fatty acid on to the glycerol)
4a. Phosphatidic acid can convert to diaglycerol and attach a 3rd fatty acid to make TAG
4b. Phosphatidic acid can attach a head group to make a glycerophospholipid for cell membranes
What does insulin promote in TAG regulation?
the conversion of carbohydrates into TAG
Diabetes Type 1
loss of production of insulin
Diabetes type 2
loss of function of insulin
What are TAGs in constant flux between?
the liver and adipose tissue
Under all metabolic states fatty acids will cycle, but only how much is used for energy?
25%
As a result of TAG cycling what is used in large amounts?
glycerol 3-phosphate that comes from glyceroneogenesis
Glucocorticoids like cortisol and dexamethasone increase glyceroneogenesis in the liver but decreases it where?
the adipose tissue
In glyceroneogenesis there is no net change in TAG, but what increases in the blood?
the concentration of fatty acids which may cause insulin resistance
What do thiazolidinediones do?
cause an increase in glyceroneogenesis in adipose only
activates PPAR-gamma, which turns on glyceroneogenesis
- this reduces fatty acid concentration in blood and restores insulin function
Where does arachidonic acid come from
linoleic acid
What converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2?
cyclooxygenase
What converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes and lipoxins?
Lipoxygenase enzymes
What are SPM?
specialized pro-resolving mediators
involved in clearance of cellular debris and tissue recognition
lipoxins are a class of this
What do NSAIDS generally act as?
COX inhibitors
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
selective COX-2 inhibitor
has some cardio related side effects
Why are COX inhibitors good and bad?
Can treat the whole body but could increase side effects
Zileutin (Zyflo)
5-lipoxygenase inhibitors used for asthma
Meclafenamic Acid (Meclomen)
5-lipoxygenase and COX inhibitor
harsh on the stomach, used in horses
Does 15-lipoxygenase have any approved drugs?
no
Terpenes
class of lipids formed by isoprenes (5 carbon units)
Cholesterol is in animals, stigmasterol is in plants, what is ergosteral in?
Fungi
How is cholesterol made?
- 3 acetates combine and form mevalonate
- mevalonate goes to an activated isoprene
- 6 isoprenes combine and make squalene
- Squalene cyclizes to form cholesterol
- oxidation’s and other modifications can be made to form other steroid and sterols
What do statins do?
HMGCoA reductase inhibitors
block cholesterol synthesis in the liver
What does ACE stand for and what does it do?
Angiotensin converting enzyme
blocks to conversion of angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2
blocks release of aldosterone, reduces blood pressure
What are vitamins?
compounds required for survival but must come from the diet
Vitamin B1
thiamine
water soluble
deficiency leads to Beri-Beri
- very rare, happens when diet is white rice and alcohol
in asparagus, peas, and most meats
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
water soluble
deficiency rare
can cause inflammation of the tongue and lips
can result in anemia
found in meat, yogurt, and mushrooms
Vitamin B3
Niacin
water soluble
deficiency results in pellagra
inflamed skin and mouth
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
treated with supplementation of nicotinic acid/ nicotinamide
found in meat, asparagus, and mushrooms
Vitamin B12
Cobolamin
water soluble
deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia
important in folate recycling
required for DNA synthesis
results in enlarged RBCs
found in eggs, milk, and cheese
Vitamin B5
panthothenic acid
water soluble
rarely deficient
in avocados
Vitamin B6
pyridoxone
water soluble
rarely deficient
in meat and nuts
Vitamin B7
biotin
water soluble
raw eggs can cause issues
in meat and eggs
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
water soluble
deficiency leads to scurvy
in citrus fruits
Vitamin A
retinol
lipid soluble
deficiency leads to night blindness, could lead to total blindness if untreated
mostly on seen in some parts of Africa
in carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach
Vitamin D
cholecalciferol
lipid soluble
deficiency leads to rickett’s in children and osteoporosis in adults
in oily fish and sun exposure
body coverts cholesterol into this
Vitamin E
lipid soluble vitamin
deficiency leads to neuromuscular issues
in spinach and almonds
Vitamin K
lipid soluble
deficiency leads to easy bruising and breakage of blood vessels
in Kale and Brussels Sprouts
