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Biochemistry 2 > Intro and Lipids > Flashcards

Intro and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hydrophobic non-charged amino acids?

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline

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2
Q

What are the polar non charged amino acids?

A

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

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3
Q

Which amino acids are aromatic?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

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4
Q

Which amino acids are acidic, polar, and have a negative charge?

A

Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid

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5
Q

Which amino acids are basic, polar, and have a positive charge?

A

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

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6
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

adds a phosphate

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7
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Removes a phosphate

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8
Q

Reduction

A

adds electrons, double bond to single bond

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9
Q

Oxidation

A

loses electrons, single bond to double bond

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

adds water to break an ester

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11
Q

Mutase

A

phosphoryl shift

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12
Q

The breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose results in how much potential ATP?

A

32 ATP

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acts as a metabolic hub connecting pathways, oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to CO2, and produces energy

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14
Q

What is fatty acid metabolism also called?

A

Beta Oxidation

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15
Q

What are lipids?

A

Hydrophobic biomolecules, made of repeating hydrocarbon units, in every cell, and have a variety of functions

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16
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Energy storage, signaling, membrane structure, and act as cofactors

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17
Q

Lipid storage is often done through TAG, what is the difference in its deposits in cells versus adipocytes?

A

small droplets in cells, large droplets in adipocytes

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18
Q

What does oxidation of fatty acids make?

A

CO2, water, and energy

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19
Q

What do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the membrane do?

A

Hydrophobic creates the actual membrane while the hydrophilic face points in and out of the cell. Can decide what enters the cell but this can also make it hard for drugs to get across

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20
Q

Where are glycerophospholipids and what are they made of?

A

in eukaryotic cell membranes
consist of lipids, glycerol and a phosphate

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21
Q

Where are sphingolipids and what are they made of?

A

in neurons, used for cellular recognition
have lipid, phosphate, and a nitrogen group

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22
Q

Where are galactolipids and what are they made of?

A

in plant cell membranes
made of lipids, glycerol, and sugar

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23
Q

What are glycosphingolipids made of?

A

made of lipid, nitrogen group, and a sugar

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24
Q

What are some CNS disorders due to?

A

dysregulation of sphingolipids

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25
Q

What is Tay-Sachs?

A

buildup of glycosphingolipids, leads to developmental retardation, may result in blindness, eventually paralysis and death

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26
Q

What is Niemann-Pick Disease

A

enzyme loss leads to fat build up in cells
there are major and minor forms
leads to early death within 6-40 years

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27
Q

Where are sterols and what do they do?

A

in the cell membrane
they alter physiochemical properties, not as flexible or long as phospholipids, and have a different hydrophilic group than phospholipids

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28
Q

What happens as sterol concentration increases?

A

membrane properties increase

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29
Q

Where do prostaglandins send messages?

A

to nearby cells

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30
Q

Where do steroid hormones send messages?

A

to distant cells and tissues
travels through the blood stream on protein carriers and alters gene expression in target cells

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31
Q

What is PGE2?

A

an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin
it is in the drug cervidil which induces labor

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32
Q

What is PGD2?

A

an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin
involved in asthma and male pattern baldness

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33
Q

What is TXA2?

A

an arachidonic acid derivative and thromboxane
involved in tissue injury and inflammation

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34
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule
involved in asthma
has 3 double bonds in conjugation

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35
Q

What are lipoxins?

A

an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule
involved in anti-inflammatory response
has 4 double bonds in conjugation

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36
Q

What type of drugs are given as anti-inflammatory for autoimmune disorders?

A

Steroid drugs

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37
Q

Birth control

A

a steroid drug, typically a mix of estrogen and progestin

38
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

replaces the sex hormones that our body no longer or never made
type of steroid drug

39
Q

Fatty Acid Synthetases process

A
  1. make fully saturated fatty acids
  2. convert into unsaturated fatty acids with desaturases
  3. can convert with extension and desaturation
40
Q

Where can humans add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?

A

delta 4, 5, 6, or 9

41
Q

What are the most common starting point in fatty acid synthetases?

A

palmitate and stearate

42
Q

Where can plants add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?

A

delta 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15

43
Q

What is Type 1 Fatty Acid Synthetases?

A

in animals- 1 enzyme with 7 domains
in fungi- multi subunit to form 7 domains

44
Q

What is type 2 fatty acid synthetases?

A

in bacteria and plants- 7 domains as separable enzyme

45
Q

What does malonyl/acetyl transferase do?

A

attach acetate to the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase

46
Q

What does ketosynthase do?

A

makes the bond in fatty acid synthetase

47
Q

What does ketoreductase do?

A

reduces ketone to an alcohol in fatty acid synthetase

48
Q

What does dehydratase do?

A

dehydrates alcohol to form an alkene in fatty acid synthetase

49
Q

What does an enoyl reductase do?

A

reduces alkene to an alkane in fatty acid synthetase

50
Q

What does thioesterase do?

A

cleaves the fatty acid from the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase

51
Q

Isoniazid

A

used to treat tuberculosis
prodrug, activated by mycobacterium turberculosis
blocks enoyl reductase function and stops the cell wall synthesis in bacterium

52
Q

Triclosan

A

general anti-septic
is bacteriostatic at low concentrations
blocks enoyl reductase and stops cell wall synthesis in bacterium
present in a large number of consumer products, starting to be more regulated

53
Q

How much glycogen can the body store?

A

enough to fuel it for 12 hours

54
Q

How much TAG can the body store?

A

up to 12 weeks worth

55
Q

What is the process for TAG synthesis?

A

1a. start at glucose goes through glycolysis and stops at DHAP

1b. start from pyruvate go up to DHAP through glyceroneogenesis

  1. DHAP converts to glycerol 3-phosphate by reduction
  2. attaches fatty acid on glycerol 3- phosphate to form phosphatidic acid
    - can be esterfication (attach fatty acid on Coenzyme A) or transferase (attach fatty acid on to the glycerol)

4a. Phosphatidic acid can convert to diaglycerol and attach a 3rd fatty acid to make TAG

4b. Phosphatidic acid can attach a head group to make a glycerophospholipid for cell membranes

56
Q

What does insulin promote in TAG regulation?

A

the conversion of carbohydrates into TAG

57
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

loss of production of insulin

58
Q

Diabetes type 2

A

loss of function of insulin

59
Q

What are TAGs in constant flux between?

A

the liver and adipose tissue

60
Q

Under all metabolic states fatty acids will cycle, but only how much is used for energy?

A

25%

61
Q

As a result of TAG cycling what is used in large amounts?

A

glycerol 3-phosphate that comes from glyceroneogenesis

62
Q

Glucocorticoids like cortisol and dexamethasone increase glyceroneogenesis in the liver but decreases it where?

A

the adipose tissue

63
Q

In glyceroneogenesis there is no net change in TAG, but what increases in the blood?

A

the concentration of fatty acids which may cause insulin resistance

64
Q

What do thiazolidinediones do?

A

cause an increase in glyceroneogenesis in adipose only
activates PPAR-gamma, which turns on glyceroneogenesis
- this reduces fatty acid concentration in blood and restores insulin function

65
Q

Where does arachidonic acid come from

A

linoleic acid

66
Q

What converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2?

A

cyclooxygenase

67
Q

What converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes and lipoxins?

A

Lipoxygenase enzymes

68
Q

What are SPM?

A

specialized pro-resolving mediators
involved in clearance of cellular debris and tissue recognition
lipoxins are a class of this

69
Q

What do NSAIDS generally act as?

A

COX inhibitors

70
Q

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

A

selective COX-2 inhibitor
has some cardio related side effects

71
Q

Why are COX inhibitors good and bad?

A

Can treat the whole body but could increase side effects

72
Q

Zileutin (Zyflo)

A

5-lipoxygenase inhibitors used for asthma

73
Q

Meclafenamic Acid (Meclomen)

A

5-lipoxygenase and COX inhibitor
harsh on the stomach, used in horses

74
Q

Does 15-lipoxygenase have any approved drugs?

A

no

75
Q

Terpenes

A

class of lipids formed by isoprenes (5 carbon units)

76
Q

Cholesterol is in animals, stigmasterol is in plants, what is ergosteral in?

A

Fungi

77
Q

How is cholesterol made?

A
  1. 3 acetates combine and form mevalonate
  2. mevalonate goes to an activated isoprene
  3. 6 isoprenes combine and make squalene
  4. Squalene cyclizes to form cholesterol
  5. oxidation’s and other modifications can be made to form other steroid and sterols
78
Q

What do statins do?

A

HMGCoA reductase inhibitors
block cholesterol synthesis in the liver

79
Q

What does ACE stand for and what does it do?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme
blocks to conversion of angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2
blocks release of aldosterone, reduces blood pressure

80
Q

What are vitamins?

A

compounds required for survival but must come from the diet

81
Q

Vitamin B1

A

thiamine
water soluble
deficiency leads to Beri-Beri
- very rare, happens when diet is white rice and alcohol
in asparagus, peas, and most meats

82
Q

Vitamin B2

A

riboflavin
water soluble
deficiency rare
can cause inflammation of the tongue and lips
can result in anemia
found in meat, yogurt, and mushrooms

83
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin
water soluble
deficiency results in pellagra
inflamed skin and mouth
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
treated with supplementation of nicotinic acid/ nicotinamide
found in meat, asparagus, and mushrooms

84
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobolamin
water soluble
deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia
important in folate recycling
required for DNA synthesis
results in enlarged RBCs
found in eggs, milk, and cheese

85
Q

Vitamin B5

A

panthothenic acid
water soluble
rarely deficient
in avocados

86
Q

Vitamin B6

A

pyridoxone
water soluble
rarely deficient
in meat and nuts

87
Q

Vitamin B7

A

biotin
water soluble
raw eggs can cause issues
in meat and eggs

88
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid
water soluble
deficiency leads to scurvy
in citrus fruits

89
Q

Vitamin A

A

retinol
lipid soluble
deficiency leads to night blindness, could lead to total blindness if untreated
mostly on seen in some parts of Africa
in carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach

90
Q

Vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol
lipid soluble
deficiency leads to rickett’s in children and osteoporosis in adults
in oily fish and sun exposure
body coverts cholesterol into this

91
Q

Vitamin E

A

lipid soluble vitamin
deficiency leads to neuromuscular issues
in spinach and almonds

92
Q

Vitamin K

A

lipid soluble
deficiency leads to easy bruising and breakage of blood vessels
in Kale and Brussels Sprouts

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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