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Biochemistry 2 > Genes and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Replication

A

DNA making itself

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2
Q

Transcription

A

DNA makes RNA

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3
Q

Translation

A

RNA makes protein

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4
Q

Genes

A

sections of DNA that encode RNA

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5
Q

Intergenic Region

A

DNA between genes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

tertiary structure of DNA

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

visible characteristic/trait resulting from gene expression

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8
Q

Regulatory Sequence

A

pieces of DNA that affect the level of expression of a gene

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9
Q

DNA is much larger than the cell that contains it therefore it requires?

A

highly organized tertiary structure

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10
Q

The complexity of DNA also includes?

A

chromosomal structure and regulatory control

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11
Q

Can viruses live on their own?

A

no

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12
Q

Some viruses have simple DNA and some only have?

A

RNA

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13
Q

Retroviruses

A

use reverse transcriptase
insert genetic info into the host

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14
Q

What kind of DNA do DNA viruses use?

A

Circular DNA

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15
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

first virus discovered
infects plants
RNA virus

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16
Q

Adenoviruses

A

DNA virus
common cold
can survive outside the host for a bit

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17
Q

Influenza Viruses

A

RNA Virus
Flu
H#N#

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18
Q

What does the H stand for in H#N#?

A

infectability

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19
Q

What does N stand for in H#N#?

A

release

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20
Q

Bacteriophage T4

A

DNA virus
used in phage therapy
infect bacteria

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21
Q

HIV

A

RNA virus
lentivirus
slow growing retrovirus

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22
Q

Bacteria are free living and more complex than ?

A

viruses

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23
Q

What kinds of DNA do bacteria contain?

A

chromosomal and plasmid

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24
Q

Some plasmids confer?

A

antibiotic resistance

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25
Q

This allows for rapid sharing of genetic info/horizontal gene transfer

A

plasmids

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26
Q

Are eukaryotic cells free living?

A

yes

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27
Q

How many copies of each chromosome does each cell contain?

A

2

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28
Q

Are there 2 copies of sex chromosomes?

A

no

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29
Q

Does the number of genes correlate to complexity of an organism?

A

no

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30
Q

Nearly all bacteria DNA has ?

A

a specific and known function

31
Q

What does eukaryotic DNA contain?

A

a large amount of non translated DNA (introns)

32
Q

Exons

A

translated/coding regions, genes

33
Q

What percent of human DNA is exons?

34
Q

Introns are important for?

A

regulation

35
Q

Centromere

A

sequence of DNA; attachment point in the middle during cell division

130 base pairs rich in A and T

36
Q

Telomere

A

DNA at the ends; stabilizes DNA during replication
mostly TG repeats

37
Q

What is supercoiling?

A

coiling of a coil

38
Q

What form does DNA take in a relaxed state?

39
Q

Most DNA in cells is underwound which causes strain. How is it relieved?

A

DNA forms supercoils to make it easier to separate strands and allow DNA to form compact structures

40
Q

Topological linking number

A

number of times DNA strands wrap around each other

41
Q

What does deviation from the relaxed state result in?

A

over/underwinding -> strain -> supercoiling

42
Q

If DNA strand gets cut what happens to the linking number?

A

it’s undefined

43
Q

Overwound

A

higher linking number
more turns
positive supercoils

44
Q

Underwound

A

lower linking number
less turns
negative supercoils

45
Q

Most strain in DNA is the result of ?

A

underwinding

46
Q

How can strain from underwinding be relieved?

A

supercoiling
strand separation
using an enzyme called topoisomerase

47
Q

Topoisomerase

A

enzyme that changes the linking number
either relieve strain of overwinding or cause underwinding
important drug target for cancer

48
Q

Type 1 Topoisomerase

A

changes linking number by 1
can only relieve strain
can only go positive back to 0

49
Q

Type 2 Topoisomerase

A

changes linking number by 2
requires ATP
can relieve strain/cause underwinding

50
Q

Topotecan

A

eukaryotic type 1 topoinhibitor used in cancer
based on comptothesin

51
Q

Doxorubicin

A

eukaryotic type 2 topoinhibitor that treats cancer
based on Donomycin from a soil microbe

52
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

bacterial type 2 topoinhibitor
antibiotic
based on fluorquinolin

53
Q

Topoisomerase inhibitors form an adduct with DNA to stop?

A

strand reformation

54
Q

What happens to the chromosomal structure during the cell cycle?

A

it changes

55
Q

Histones

A

bind DNA and organize it into nucleosomes
contain a large number of basic amino acids that allows strong interaction with DNA

56
Q

Nucleosome

A

structural units of DNA and 8 histones

57
Q

Histones 3 and 4 are

A

highly conserved

58
Q

Histones 1 and 2 are

A

more variable

59
Q

The core of the chromosome has ?

A

2 copies of histone 2A, 2B, 3, 4
200 base pairs of DNA

60
Q

Histone 1 (H1) binds to

A

linker DNA to stabilize the structure

61
Q

Where do histones prefer to bind?

A

sites of high AT abundance

62
Q

Binding to histone causes underwinding of DNA in nucleosome, which leads to?

A

overwinding in linker DNA

63
Q

The acetylation of histones partially controls?

A

gene expression

64
Q

Histone deacetylace (HDAC) inhibitors

A

increase gene transcription

65
Q

Valproic Acid

A

used for epilepsy and mood stabilization
target: HDAC

66
Q

Vorinostat/SAHA

A

used for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
being studied for neurodegeneration
target: HDAC

67
Q

Trichostatin A

A

anti-fungal
target: HDAC

68
Q

Nucleosome formation compacts DNA about ?

69
Q

Histone H1 helps fold nucleosomes into ?

A

30 nm fibers leading to 100 fold compaction

70
Q

30 nm fibers attach to what to continue compaction?

A

chromosomal scaffold

71
Q

Structural Maintenance Chromosome (SMC) Proteins

A

made of a hinge, 2 arms, and an ATP binding site
in bacteria- homodimer
in eukaryotes- multiple heterodimers

72
Q

cohesins

A

link sister chromatids during replication

73
Q

condensins

A

condense chromatids as the cell enters mitosis

74
Q

Nucleoid

A

DNA structure in bacteria
circular chromosome become series of loops
have histone like proteins

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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